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Superinfection by heterologous<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>strains has been established experimentally, although the ability of homologous<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>clones to superinfect a host has not been studied in detail. Information regarding any potential immune barriers to secondary infection also currently is unavailable. In the present study, the ability to superinfect various mouse models by homologous wild-type clones was examined and compared to superinfection by heterologous strains. To assess the ability of homologous<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>clones to successfully superinfect a mouse host, primary- and secondary-infecting spirochetes were recovered via<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>cultivation of collected blood or tissue samples. This was accomplished by generating two different antibiotic-resistant versions of the wild-type B31-A3 clone in order to distinguish superinfecting<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>from primary-infecting spirochetes. The data demonstrate an inability of homologous<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>to superinfect immunocompetent mice as opposed to heterologous strains. Attempts to superinfect different types of immunodeficient mice with homologous<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>indicate that the murine innate immune system represents a major barrier to intrastrain superinfection. Consequently, the possibility of innate immunity as a driving force for<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>heterogeneity during the enzootic cycle is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01817-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,12]],"date-time":"2014-08-12T04:05:46Z","timestamp":1407816346000},"page":"4542-4552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Bacterial Heterogeneity Is a Requirement for Host Superinfection by the Lyme Disease Spirochete"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Artem S.","family":"Rogovskyy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Troy","family":"Bankhead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Paul G. 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