{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:53:32Z","timestamp":1789768412765,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Group A streptococcus (GAS) is an important human pathogen that causes a number of diseases with a wide range of severities. While all known strains of GAS are still sensitive to penicillin, there have been reports of antibiotic treatment failure in as many as 20% to 40% of cases. Biofilm formation has been implicated as a possible cause for these failures. A biofilm is a microbially derived, sessile community where cells grow attached to a surface or as a bacterial conglomerate and surrounded by a complex extracellular matrix. While the ability of group A streptococcus to form biofilms in the laboratory has been shown, there is a lack of understanding of the role of GAS biofilms during an infection. We hypothesized that during infections, GAS exhibits a biofilm phenotype, complete with unique protein expression. To test this hypothesis, a rabbit model of GAS osteomyelitis was developed. A rabbit was inoculated with GAS using an infected indwelling device. Following the infection, blood and tissue samples were collected. Histological samples of the infected tibia were prepared, and the formation of a biofilm\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            was visualized using peptide nucleic acid fluorescent\n            <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n            hybridization (PNA-FISH) and confocal microscopy. In addition, Western blotting with convalescent rabbit serum detected cell wall proteins expressed\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            under biofilm and planktonic growth conditions. Immunogenic proteins were then identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization\u2013time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF\/TOF MS). These identities, along with the\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            results, support the hypothesis that GAS forms biofilms during an infection. This unique phenotype should be taken into consideration when designing a vaccine or any other treatment for group A streptococcus infections.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01831-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,8]],"date-time":"2014-07-08T02:41:30Z","timestamp":1404787290000},"page":"3891-3899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["<i>In Vivo<\/i>\n            Expression of Streptococcus pyogenes Immunogenic Proteins during Tibial Foreign Body Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Freiberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin S.","family":"McIver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park (UMCP), College Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Shirtliff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.19-9-291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11634180-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70267-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-012-0897-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.1.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2007.07.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00512-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.9.4043-4048.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(03)00096-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03350-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01310-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028640"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00255-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04786.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280404300607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e31817bb816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.1.e22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.6.3523-3534.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00392-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(85)90387-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.31.2.259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198365040-00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012775390-4\/50207-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/122.5.410"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-210-0_24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro771"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.470-511.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.5.3137-3146.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00031-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(01)01193-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.1.48-52.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00107-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.4.1251-1256.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2013.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.8.2137-2142.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/380491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.5.2656-2664.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1996.0038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00176-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00451-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.5.16342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(08)60112-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.021048-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00014-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32835461d3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-013-0005-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00509-13"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01831-14","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01831-14","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T20:21:50Z","timestamp":1646425310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.01831-14"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"A.","family":"Camilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.01831-14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.01831-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-03-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-05-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-08-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}