{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:51:04Z","timestamp":1790729464336,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The polysaccharide capsule surrounding\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            is essential for virulence. Recently,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , a human commensal and a close relative of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            , was also shown to have a capsule. In this study, the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n            type strain switched capsule by acquisition of the serotype 4 capsule locus of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            TIGR4, following induction of competence for natural transformation. Comparison of the wild type with the capsule-switching mutant and with a capsule deletion mutant showed that the capsule protected\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n            against phagocytosis by RAW 264.7 macrophages. This effect was enhanced in the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain expressing the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            capsule, which showed, in addition, increased resistance against early clearance in a mouse model of lung infection. Expression of both capsules also favored survival in human blood, and the effect was again more pronounced for the capsule-switching mutant.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n            survival in horse blood or in a mouse model of bacteremia was not significantly different between the wild type and the mutant strains. In all models,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            TIGR4 showed higher rates of survival than the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n            type strain or the capsule-switching mutant, except in the lung model, in which significant differences between\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            TIGR4 and the capsule-switching mutant were not observed. Thus, we identified conditions that showed a protective function for the capsule in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Under such conditions,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n            resistance to clearance could be enhanced by capsule switching to serotype 4, but it was enhanced to levels lower than those for the virulent strain\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            TIGR4.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01840-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,24]],"date-time":"2014-06-24T02:59:42Z","timestamp":1403578782000},"page":"3790-3801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Protective Role of the Capsule and Impact of Serotype 4 Switching on Streptococcus mitis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"H\u00e5kon V.","family":"Rukke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, 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