{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T16:04:31Z","timestamp":1785513871100,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The antiphagocytic capsule of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>is a major virulence factor. We hypothesized that it may also mediate virulence through inhibition of the host's immune responses. During an infection, the capsule exists attached to the bacterial surface but also free in the host tissues. We sought to examine the impact of free capsule by assessing its effects on human monocytes and immature dendritic cells (iDCs). Human monocytes were differentiated into iDCs by interleukin-4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) over 7 days in the presence of capsule derived from wild-type encapsulated<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>Ames (WT) or a control preparation from an isogenic<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>Ames strain that produces only 2% of the capsule of the WT (<jats:italic>capA<\/jats:italic>mutant). WT capsule consistently induced release of IL-8 and IL-6 while the<jats:italic>capA<\/jats:italic>mutant control preparation elicited either no response or only a minimal release of IL-8. iDCs that were differentiated in the presence of WT capsule had increased side scatter (SSC), a measure of cellular complexity, when assessed by flow cytometry. iDCs differentiated in the presence of WT capsule also matured less well in response to subsequent<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>peptidoglycan (Ba PGN) exposure, with reduced upregulation of the chemokine receptor CCR7, reduced CCR7-dependent chemotaxis, and reduced release of certain cytokines. Exposure of naive differentiated control iDCs to WT capsule did not alter cell surface marker expression but did elicit IL-8. These results indicate that free capsule may contribute to the pathogenesis of anthrax by suppressing the responses of immune cells and interfering with the maturation of iDCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01857-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,3]],"date-time":"2014-06-03T06:33:39Z","timestamp":1401777219000},"page":"3405-3416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Exposure to Bacillus anthracis Capsule Results in Suppression of Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Tanya M.","family":"Jelacic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald J.","family":"Chabot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel A.","family":"Bozue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven A.","family":"Tobery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna","family":"Moody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joost J.","family":"Oppenheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur M.","family":"Friedlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.39.1.371-376.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.49.2.291-297.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"363","article-title":"Association of the encapsulation of Bacillus anthracis with a 60 megadalton plasmid","volume":"131","author":"Uchida I","year":"1985","unstructured":"UchidaISekizakiTHashimotoKTerakadoN. 1985. Association of the encapsulation of Bacillus anthracis with a 60 megadalton plasmid. J. Gen. Microbiol. 131:363\u2013367.","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.171.2.722-730.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00706-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"446","article-title":"The chemical basis of the virulence of Bacillus anthracis. IX. Its aggressins and their mode of action","volume":"44","author":"Keppie J","year":"1963","unstructured":"KeppieJHarris-SmithPWSmithH. 1963. The chemical basis of the virulence of Bacillus anthracis. IX. Its aggressins and their mode of action. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 44:446\u2013453.","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0630437"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"577","article-title":"Studies on the relation of a prior immune response to immunogenicity","volume":"16","author":"Goodman JW","year":"1967","unstructured":"GoodmanJWNiteckiDE. 1967. Studies on the relation of a prior immune response to immunogenicity. Immunology 16:577\u2013583.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.9.5460-5463.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401351101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00346-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01176-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.103.5.937","article-title":"Immunochemical studies on the poly-\u03b3-d-glutamyl capsule of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"103","author":"Roelants GE","year":"1969","unstructured":"RoelantsGEWhittenLFHobsonAGoodmanJW. 1969. Immunochemical studies on the poly-\u03b3-d-glutamyl capsule of Bacillus anthracis. J. Immunol. 103:937\u2013943.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"144","article-title":"The chemical basis of the virulence of Bacillus anthracis. VI: an extracellular immunising aggressin isolated from exudates of infected guinea-pigs","volume":"37","author":"Smith H","year":"1956","unstructured":"SmithHGallopRC. 1956. The chemical basis of the virulence of Bacillus anthracis. VI: an extracellular immunising aggressin isolated from exudates of infected guinea-pigs. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 37:144\u2013155.","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341299"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2009.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.175.18.5899-5906.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2004.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2004.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/008292-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.035857-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04718.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003706"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06533.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00170-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00709-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1993.tb00409.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.shk.0000092268.01859.0d"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/32588"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3096","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.6.3096","article-title":"EB11\/CCR7 is a new member of dendritic cell chemokine receptor that is up-regulated upon maturation","volume":"161","author":"Yanagihara S","year":"1998","unstructured":"YanagiharaSKomuraENagafuneJWataraiHYamaguchiY. 1998. EB11\/CCR7 is a new member of dendritic cell chemokine receptor that is up-regulated upon maturation. J. Immunol. 161:3096\u20133102.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/mic.10.3-4.325.334"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00956-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425908100379"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0969fje"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-11-3943"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.5.2646"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(02)00009-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2010.02435.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05439-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002481"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-030409-101212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201834"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.03017.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2008.06.012"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1128\/iai.02665-14","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]],"date-time":"2014-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415577600000}}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01857-14","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01857-14","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T22:15:34Z","timestamp":1689286534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.01857-14"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"S. R.","family":"Blanke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.01857-14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.01857-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-03-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-05-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-07-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}