{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:38:39Z","timestamp":1790919519099,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The availability of relevant and useful animal models is critical for progress in the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics. The infection of rabbits and non-human primates with fully virulent<jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>spores provides two excellent models of anthrax disease. However, the high cost of procuring and housing these animals and the specialized facilities required to deliver fully virulent spores limit their practical use in early stages of product development. Conversely, the small size and low cost associated with using mice makes this animal model more practical for conducting experiments in which large numbers of animals are required. In addition, the availability of knockout strains and well-characterized immunological reagents makes it possible to perform studies in mice that cannot be performed easily in other species. Although we, along with others, have used the mouse aerosol challenge model to examine the outcome of<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>infection, a detailed characterization of the disease is lacking. The current study utilizes a murine aerosol challenge model to investigate disease progression, innate cytokine responses, and histological changes during the course of anthrax after challenge with aerosolized spores. Our results show that anthrax disease progression in a complement-deficient mouse after challenge with aerosolized Sterne spores is similar to that described for other species, including rabbits and non-human primates, challenged with fully virulent<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>. Thus, the murine aerosol challenge model is both useful and relevant and provides a means to further investigate the host response and mechanisms of<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01875-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,13]],"date-time":"2007-03-13T05:34:26Z","timestamp":1173764066000},"page":"2689-2698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Murine Aerosol Challenge Model of Anthrax"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Crystal L.","family":"Loving","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory and Special Pathogens, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Kennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennysylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria M.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory and Special Pathogens, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa K.","family":"Grippe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory and Special Pathogens, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tod J.","family":"Merkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Respiratory and Special Pathogens, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(03)00118-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"385","volume":"28","year":"1947","unstructured":"Barnes, J. M. 1947. The development of anthrax following administration of spores by inhalation. Br. J. Exp. Pathol.28:385-394.","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(76)90107-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.9.5545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"418","volume":"92","year":"1971","unstructured":"Dalldorf, F. G., A. F. Kaufmann, and P. S. Brachman. 1971. Woolsorter's disease. Arch. Pathol.92:418-426.","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2000.00067.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.4.831"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/fmic.2002.0505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(95)90001-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"87","volume":"271","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fouet, A., and S. Mesnage. 2002. Bacillus anthracis cell envelope components. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.271:87-113.","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.5.1239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"691","volume":"73","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fritz, D. L., N. K. Jaax, W. B. Lawrence, K. J. Davis, M. L. Pitt, J. W. Ezzell, and A. M. Friedlander. 1995. Pathology of experimental inhalation anthrax in the rhesus monkey. Lab. Investig.73:691-702.","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)00940-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.2.722","volume":"155","year":"1995","unstructured":"Greenberger, M. J., R. M. Strieter, S. L. Kunkel, J. M. Danforth, R. E. Goodman, and T. J. Standiford. 1995. Neutralization of IL-10 increases survival in a murine model of Klebsiella pneumonia. J. Immunol.155:722-729.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(02)02422-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"931","volume":"42","year":"2002","unstructured":"Guidi-Rontani, C., M. Levy, H. Ohayon, and M. Mock. 2002. Fate of germinated Bacillus anthracis spores in primary murine macrophages. Mol. Microbiol.42:931-938.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01485.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01137.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"297","volume":"11","year":"1988","unstructured":"Halperin, S. A., S. A. Heifetz, and A. Kasina. 1988. Experimental respiratory infection with Bordetella pertussis in mice: comparison of two methods. Clin. Investig. Med.11:297-303.","journal-title":"Clin. Investig. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.7.4420-4422.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00719-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.10.5870-5872.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.11.7495-7501.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/116.2.123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"277","volume":"2","year":"1876","unstructured":"Koch, R. 1876. Die etiologie der milzbrand krankheit hegrundet auf die entwickelungsgeschichte des Bacillus anthracis. Beitr. Biol. Pflanz.2:277-283.","journal-title":"Beitr. Biol. Pflanz."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"61","volume":"271","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lacy, D. B., and R. J. Collier. 2002. Structure and function of anthrax toxin. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.271:61-85.","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1969.10665490"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/115.5.481"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.8.4801-4809.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.647"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","first-page":"1265","volume":"105","year":"1997","unstructured":"Osier, M., R. B. Baggs, and G. Oberdorster. 1997. Intratracheal instillation versus intratracheal inhalation: influence of cytokines on inflammatory response. Environ. Health Perspect.105(Suppl. 5):1265-1271.","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1997.2390"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.5.3069-3072.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.11.6382-6389.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(85)90025-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"493","volume":"27","year":"1938","unstructured":"Reed, L. J., and H. Muench. 1938. A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints. Amer. J. Hyg.27:493-497.","journal-title":"Amer. J. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700730219"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/382656"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/116.4.401"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780410001712034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.5.1650-1656.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","first-page":"1","volume":"271","year":"2002","unstructured":"Turnbull, P. C. 2002. Introduction: anthrax history, disease and ecology. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.271:1-19.","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.LAB.0000080599.43791.01"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.6.3972"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(91)90053-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(88)90015-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(88)90048-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.51.3.795-800.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1993.1037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","first-page":"982","volume":"122","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zaucha, G. M., L. M. Pitt, J. Estep, B. E. Ivins, and A. M. Friedlander. 1998. The pathology of experimental anthrax in rabbits exposed by inhalation and subcutaneous inoculation. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med.122:982-992.","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01875-06","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01875-06","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T00:02:53Z","timestamp":1683763373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.01875-06"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.01875-06"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.01875-06","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-11-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-02-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-06-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}