{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:20:25Z","timestamp":1762078825142},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157068800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are released by immune-competent cells and contribute to cellular damage. On the other hand, certain pathogens, including<jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, are known to produce hydrogen peroxide (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), while production of nitrogen radicals by bacteria presumably occurs but has been poorly studied. We determined the relative contributions of bacterial versus host-derived oxygen and nitrogen radicals to cellular damage in pneumococcal infection. A special focus was placed on peroxynitrite as a hypothetical common product formed by the reaction of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and NO. In microglial cultures, reduction of the formation of 3-nitrotyrosine and cellular damage required H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-deficient (\u0394<jats:italic>spxB<\/jats:italic>or \u0394<jats:italic>carB<\/jats:italic>) pneumococci and inhibition of host NO synthesis with aminoguanidine. In infected C57BL\/6 mice, neuronal loss and immunopositivity for nitrotyrosine in the dentate gyrus were markedly reduced with \u0394<jats:italic>spxB<\/jats:italic>or \u0394<jats:italic>carB<\/jats:italic>bacterial mutants and in inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout mice. We conclude that although host and bacteria both produce oxygen and nitrogen radicals, the interplay of prokaryotic H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and eukaryotic NO is a major contributor to cellular damage in pneumococcal meningitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01932-05","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,22]],"date-time":"2006-08-22T22:13:07Z","timestamp":1156284787000},"page":"5058-5066","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Interplay of Pneumococcal Hydrogen Peroxide and Host-Derived Nitric Oxide"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Olaf","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janine","family":"Zweigner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charite\u0301\u2014Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon H.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorette","family":"Freyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cordula","family":"Mahrhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Dagand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaine I.","family":"Tuomanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joerg R.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3570593"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.39.2.275"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.2001.2642"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1996.271.5.C1424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.9.1361"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)00052-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1984.04050210043012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI12035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10715769900301161"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(88)90489-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.50.3.314-352.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005113421904"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.10.4392-4397.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4308","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.8.4308","volume":"163","year":"1999","unstructured":"Freyer, D., R. 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