{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:04:15Z","timestamp":1791234255571,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Previous studies have demonstrated that animals exposed to\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            while recovering from influenza A virus infection exhibit exacerbated disease symptoms. However, many of the current animal models exploring dual viral and bacterial synergistic exacerbations of respiratory disease have utilized mouse-adapted influenza virus and strains of\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            that in themselves are highly lethal to mice. Here we describe a mouse model of bacterial superinfection in which a mild, self-limiting influenza virus infection is followed by mild, self-limiting superinfection with\n            <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype 3.\n            <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            superinfection results in rapid dissemination of the bacterium from the respiratory tract and systemic spread to all major organs of the mice, resulting in fatal septicemia. This phenomenon in mice was observed in superinfected animals undergoing an active viral infection as well as in mice that had completely cleared the virus 7 to 8 days prior to superinfection. Neutrophils were the predominant cellular inflammatory infiltrate in the lungs of superinfected mice compared to singly infected animals. Among other cytokines and chemokines, the neutrophil activator granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was found to be significantly overexpressed in the spleens, lungs, and brains of superinfected animals. High G-CSF protein levels were observed in sera and lung lavage fluid from superinfected animals, suggesting that G-CSF is a major contributor to synergistic exacerbation of disease leading to fatal septicemia.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01943-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,3]],"date-time":"2007-04-03T00:44:08Z","timestamp":1175561048000},"page":"3102-3111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Filamentous Influenza A Virus Infection Predisposes Mice to Fatal Septicemia following Superinfection with\n            <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>\n            Serotype 3"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Janice L.","family":"Speshock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Doyon-Reale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Rabah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan 48201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melody N.","family":"Neely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.2.326"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110580"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-19-1-40"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-19-1-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200301000-00025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.4.645"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704371"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.112.5.945"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V93.7.2395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V81.10.2496.2496"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.32.1.118-126.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.37.3.946-955.1982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.5.2590-2601.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01849.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.12.4710"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"470964","volume":"2004","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hitt, E. 2004. S. pneumoniae serotype 3 not covered by 7-valent vaccine. Medscape Med. News2004:470964.","journal-title":"Medscape Med. News"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.38.2.791-794.1982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.116.6.1709"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"373","volume":"85","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kleinerman, E. S., C. A. Daniels, R. P. Polisson, and R. Synderman. 1976. Effect of virus infection of the inflammatory response: depression of macrophage accumulation in influenza-infected mice. Am. J. Pathol.85:373-382.","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(01)00287-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1004617"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341462"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/368163"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.9.2809-2814.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.7.4104-4112.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4547(20000615)60:6<733::AID-JNR5>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"33","volume":"14","year":"2003","unstructured":"Overbergh, L., A. Giuletti, D. Valckx, R. Decallonne, R. Bouillon, and C. Mathieu. 2003. The use of real-time reverse transcriptase PCR for the quantification of cytokine gene expression. J. Biomol. Tech.14:33-43.","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Tech."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/430954"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1986.134.5.1040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"493","volume":"27","year":"1938","unstructured":"Reed, L. J., and H. Muench. 1938. A simple method of estimating fifty percent end points. Am. J. Hyg.27:493-497.","journal-title":"Am. J. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8916"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","first-page":"1363","volume":"295","year":"1976","unstructured":"Stevens, K. M. 1976. Cardiac stroke volume as a determinant of influenzal fatality. Med. Intell.295:1363-1366.","journal-title":"Med. Intell."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.12.7603"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.4974-4976.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1997.0142"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01943-06","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.01943-06","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T07:14:42Z","timestamp":1646464482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.01943-06"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.01943-06"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.01943-06","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-12-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-03-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-06-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}