{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T14:43:00Z","timestamp":1792852980719,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clearance of<jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>subsp.<jats:italic>pallidum<\/jats:italic>from early syphilis lesions involves infiltration of a large number of mononuclear cells and is characteristic of a cell-mediated immune response. In the present study, we sought to determine the relative abundance of different T-lymphocyte populations and Th1\/Th2-associated cytokines present in testicular lesions following experimental infection with the Chicago strain of<jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic>. Using flow cytometry, we examined the proportion of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells present throughout the progression and resolution of primary syphilis in the rabbit model. We related these findings to the results of real-time reverse transcription-PCR quantification of treponemal and cytokine mRNA levels. Treponemal mRNA levels reached peak values on day 18 postinfection, coincident with an initial peak in the level of T cells, which were primarily CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells. T-cell levels increased again during resolution of orchitis, and there was an increased proportion of CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells. The maximum gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA levels were observed on days 11 and 18, respectively, while only negligible amounts of IL-4 and IL-2 were detected throughout the infection. In addition to showing the temporal relationship between treponemal burden and T-cell responses during lesion progression, our results also demonstrate that the composition of the T-cell population changes during lesion resolution. The presence of the mRNA for IFN-\u03b3, but not IL-4, is consistent with cytokine expression in human syphilis and provides further support for the hypothesis that there is a Th1 predominance during the early immune response to<jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01973-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,3]],"date-time":"2007-04-03T00:44:08Z","timestamp":1175561048000},"page":"3021-3026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["CD4<sup>+<\/sup>Lymphocytes and Gamma Interferon Predominate in Local Immune Responses in Early Experimental Syphilis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Brandon T.","family":"Leader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathobiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charmie","family":"Godornes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley C.","family":"VanVoorhis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathobiology"},{"name":"Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila A.","family":"Lukehart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathobiology"},{"name":"Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4757-4763.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.1.69"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.117.1.197","volume":"117","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bishop, N. 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