{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:06:36Z","timestamp":1791846396744,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            is associated with chronic periodontitis, an inflammatory disease of the tooth's supporting tissues. Macrophages are important in chronic inflammatory conditions, infiltrating tissue and becoming polarized to an M1 or M2 phenotype. As responses to stimuli differ between these phenotypes, we investigated the effect of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on M1 and M2 macrophages. M1 and M2 polarized macrophages were produced from murine bone marrow macrophages (BMM\u03d5) primed with gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) or interleukin-4 (IL-4), respectively, and incubated with a low or high dose of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            LPS or control TLR2 and TLR4 ligands. In M1-M\u03d5, the high dose of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            LPS (10 \u03bcg\/ml) significantly increased the expression of CD40, CD86, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nitric oxide secretion. The low dose of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            LPS (10 ng\/ml) did not induce costimulatory or antibacterial molecules but did increase the secretion of IL-1\u03b1, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1).\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            LPS marginally increased the expression of CD206 and YM-1, but it did enhance arginase expression by M2-M\u03d5. Furthermore, the secretion of the chemokines KC, RANTES, eotaxin, and MCP-1 from M1, M2, and nonpolarized M\u03d5 was enhanced by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            LPS. TLR2\/4 knockout macrophages combined with the TLR activation assays indicated that TLR2 is the main activating receptor for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            LPS and whole cells. In conclusion, although\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            LPS weakly activated M1-M\u03d5 or M2-M\u03d5 compared to control TLR ligands, it induced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, particularly TNF-\u03b1 from M1-M\u03d5 and IL-10 from M2-M\u03d5, as well as chemotactic chemokines from polarized macrophages.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.02325-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]],"date-time":"2014-07-22T03:31:36Z","timestamp":1405999896000},"page":"4190-4203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide Weakly Activates M1 and M2 Polarized Mouse Macrophages but Induces Inflammatory Cytokines"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"James A.","family":"Holden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health 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