{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:04:19Z","timestamp":1790211859071,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:named-content>infection has been described previously to cause infected mice to lose their fear of cat urine. This behavioral manipulation has been proposed to involve alterations of host dopamine pathways due to parasite-encoded aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Here, we report successful knockout and complementation of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylase<jats:italic>AAH2<\/jats:italic>gene, with no observable phenotype in parasite growth or differentiation<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Additionally, expression levels of the two aromatic amino acid hydroxylases were negligible both in tachyzoites and in bradyzoites. Finally, we were unable to confirm previously described effects of parasite infection on host dopamine either<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>or<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, even when<jats:italic>AAH2<\/jats:italic>was overexpressed using the<jats:italic>BAG1<\/jats:italic>promoter. Together, these data indicate that AAH enzymes in the parasite do not cause global or regional alterations of dopamine in the host brain, although they may affect this pathway locally. Additionally, our findings suggest alternative roles for the<jats:italic>AHH<\/jats:italic>enzymes in<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>, since<jats:italic>AAH1<\/jats:italic>is essential for growth in nondopaminergic cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.02465-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]],"date-time":"2014-12-30T08:38:05Z","timestamp":1419928685000},"page":"1039-1047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Reassessment of the Role of Aromatic Amino Acid Hydroxylases and the Effect of Infection by Toxoplasma gondii on Host Dopamine"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Zi T.","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Harmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"O'Malley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. 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