{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T17:59:05Z","timestamp":1761155945806},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]],"date-time":"2015-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The obligate intracellular bacterium\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Chlamydia pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            is not only a causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia but is also associated with a more serious chronic disease, asthma, which might be exacerbated by air pollution containing carbon nanoparticles. Although a detailed mechanism of exacerbation remains unknown, the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) is a critical player in the pathogenesis of asthma.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            induces IL-1\u03b2 in macrophages via NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and Toll-like receptor 2\/4 (TLR2\/4) stimulation. Carbon nanoparticles, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), can also evoke the NLRP3 inflammasome to trigger IL-1\u03b2 secretion from lipopolysaccharide-primed macrophages. This study assessed whether costimulation of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            with CNTs synergistically enhanced IL-1\u03b2 secretion from macrophages, and determined the molecular mechanism involved. Enhanced IL-1\u03b2 secretion from\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            -infected macrophages by CNTs was dose and time dependent. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            and CNTs were engulfed concurrently by macrophages. Inhibitors of actin polymerization or caspase-1, a component of the inflammasome, significantly blocked IL-1\u03b2 secretion. Gene silencing using small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting the NLRP3 gene also abolished IL-1\u03b2 secretion. Other inhibitors (K\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            efflux inhibitor, cathepsin B inhibitor, and reactive oxygen species-generating inhibitor) also blocked IL-1\u03b2 secretion. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that CNTs synergistically enhanced IL-1\u03b2 secretion from\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            -infected macrophages via the NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1 activation, providing novel insight into our understanding of how\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection can exacerbate asthma.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.02968-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]],"date-time":"2015-05-05T01:41:12Z","timestamp":1430790072000},"page":"2917-2925","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Synergistic Costimulatory Effect of Chlamydia pneumoniae with Carbon Nanoparticles on NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Interleukin-1\u03b2 Secretion in Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Junji","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Imaging Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Innovation and Technology Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kasumi","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitsutaka","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ultrastructural Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Chiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Innovation and Technology Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Health Science Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu-Ping","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"},{"name":"Health Innovation and Technology Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.43.020192.001533"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.4.451"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02130.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200002)30:2<541::AID-IMMU541>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.11.4872-4875.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1996.0056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"32","article-title":"Common lung conditions: environmental pollutants and lung disease","volume":"409","author":"Delzell JE","year":"2013","unstructured":"Delzell JE, Jr. 2013. 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