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Since natural infection of humans often occurs by the oral route, mucosal vaccination may offer a means to confer protection for both mucosal and systemic tissues. Significant efforts have focused on developing a live brucellosis vaccine, and deletion of the\n            <jats:italic>znuA<\/jats:italic>\n            gene involved in zinc transport has been found to attenuate\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Brucella abortus<\/jats:named-content>\n            . A similar mutation has been adapted for\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Brucella melitensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            and tested to determine whether oral administration of \u0394\n            <jats:italic>znuA<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. melitensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            can confer protection against nasal\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. melitensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            challenge. A single oral vaccination with \u0394\n            <jats:italic>znuA<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. melitensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            rapidly cleared from mice within 2 weeks and effectively protected mice upon nasal challenge with wild-type\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. melitensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            16M. In 83% of the vaccinated mice, no detectable brucellae were found in their spleens, unlike with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-dosed mice, and vaccination also enhanced the clearance of brucellae from the lungs. Moreover, vaccinated gamma interferon-deficient (IFN-\u03b3\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            ) mice also showed protection in both spleens and lungs, albeit protection that was not as effective as in immunocompetent mice. Although IFN-\u03b3, interleukin 17 (IL-17), and IL-22 were stimulated by these live vaccines, only RB51-mediated protection was codependent upon IL-17 in BALB\/c mice. These data suggest that oral immunization with the live, attenuated \u0394\n            <jats:italic>znuA<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. melitensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            vaccine provides an attractive strategy to protect against inhalational infection with virulent\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. melitensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.05080-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,19]],"date-time":"2011-07-19T00:34:51Z","timestamp":1311035691000},"page":"4165-4174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Protective Live Oral Brucellosis Vaccines Stimulate Th1 and Th17 Cell Responses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Beata","family":"Clapp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59718"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerod A.","family":"Skyberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59718"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinghong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59718"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Thornburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59718"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Walters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59718"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59718"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.8.4911-4917.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.3.1008-1016.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.6.1.109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02297320"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"793","article-title":"Rev.1 Brucella melitensis vaccine. 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