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To explore the role of filaria-derived parasite antigen in differentiation of human monocytes, cells were exposed to microfilariae (mf) of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Brugia malayi<\/jats:named-content>, and their phenotypic and functional characteristics were compared with those of monocytes exposed to factors known to generate either alternatively (interleukin-4 [IL-4]) or classically (macrophage colony-stimulating factor [MCSF]) activated M\u03a6. IL-4 upregulated mRNA expression of CCL13, CCL15, CCL17, CCL18, CCL22, CLEC10A, MRC1, CADH1, CD274, and CD273 associated with alternative activation of M\u03a6 but not arginase 1. IL-4-cultured monocytes had a diminished ability to promote proliferation of both CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells compared to that of unexposed monocytes. Similar to results with IL-4, exposure of monocytes to live mf induced upregulation of CCL15, CCL17, CCL18, CCL22, CD274, and CD273 and downregulation of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), TLR5, and TLR7. In contrast to results with MCSF-cultured monocytes, exposure of monocytes to mf resulted in significant inhibition of the phagocytic ability of these cells to the same degree as that seen with IL-4. Our data suggest that short exposure of human monocytes to IL-4 induces a phenotypic characteristic of alternative activation and that secreted filarial products skew monocytes similarly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.05191-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,26]],"date-time":"2011-07-26T02:45:19Z","timestamp":1311648319000},"page":"3957-3965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Functional and Phenotypic Characteristics of Alternative Activation Induced in Human Monocytes by Interleukin-4 or the Parasitic Nematode Brugia malayi"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Roshanak Tolouei","family":"Semnani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lily","family":"Mahapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivornpun","family":"Sanprasert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Nutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2001.00394.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/8.1.143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00624.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.2.1170"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/599090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025084413767"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8456300"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00326.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-05-160564"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri978"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.69.1.11","article-title":"Heterogeneity of human peripheral blood monocyte subsets","volume":"69","author":"Grage-Griebenow E.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Grage-GriebenowE.FladH. 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