{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:40:04Z","timestamp":1791276004541,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]],"date-time":"2011-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis in children. Human immunity to pneumococcal infections has been assumed to depend on anticapsular antibodies. However, recent findings from murine models suggest that alternative mechanisms, dependent on T helper cells, are also involved. Although the immunological events in which T helper cells contribute to acquired immunity have been studied in mice, little is known about how these responses are generated in humans. Therefore, we examined bacterial and host factors involved in the induction of Th1 and Th17 responses, using a coculture model of human monocytes and CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T cells. We show that monocytes promote effector cytokine production by memory T helper cells, leading to a mixed Th1\/Th17 (gamma interferon [IFN-\u03b3]\/interleukin-17 [IL-17]) profile. Both T helper cytokines were triggered by purified pneumococcal peptidoglycan; however, the balance between the two immune effector arms depended on bacterial viability. Accordingly, live pneumococci triggered a Th1-biased response via monocyte production of IL-12p40, whereas heat-killed pneumococci triggered a Th17 response through TLR2 signaling. An increased understanding of human T helper responses is essential for the development of novel pneumococcal vaccines designed to elicit cell-mediated immunity.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.05286-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,26]],"date-time":"2011-07-26T02:45:19Z","timestamp":1311648319000},"page":"4210-4217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Human Monocytes Promote Th1 and Th17 Responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Olliver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels v\u00e4g 16, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffni","family":"Hiew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels v\u00e4g 16, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mellroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels v\u00e4g 16, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitta","family":"Henriques-Normark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels v\u00e4g 16, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900474"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.8.5212-5216.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/342845"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708426104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/380564"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/599364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107662903322762761"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.5019-5025.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/591626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.033670"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-009-0191-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.200900025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.12.7948"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","volume-title":"Lobar pneumonia and serum therapy, revised ed","author":"Lord F. 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