{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:38:19Z","timestamp":1791398299148,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Natural killer (NK) cells have innate antibacterial activity that could be targeted for clinical interventions for infectious disease caused by naturally occurring or weaponized bacterial pathogens. To determine a potential role for NK cells in immunity to\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , we utilized primary human and murine NK cells,\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    assays, and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    NK cell depletion in a murine model of inhalational anthrax. Our results demonstrate potent antibacterial activity by human NK cells against\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    bacilli within infected autologous monocytes. Surprisingly, NK cells also mediate moderate antibacterial effects on extracellular vegetative bacilli but do not have activity against extracellular or intracellular spores. The immunosuppressive anthrax lethal toxin impairs NK gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) expression, but neither lethal nor edema toxin significantly alters the viability or cytotoxic effector function of NK cells. Compared to human NK cells, murine NK cells have a similar, though less potent, activity against intracellular and extracellular\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    . The\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    depletion of murine NK cells does not alter animal survival following intranasal infection with\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    spores in our studies but significantly increases the bacterial load in the blood of infected animals. Our studies demonstrate that NK cells participate in the innate immune response against\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and suggest that immune modulation to augment NK cell function in early stages of anthrax should be further explored in animal models as a clinical intervention strategy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.05439-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,18]],"date-time":"2011-10-18T01:00:07Z","timestamp":1318899607000},"page":"234-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Antibacterial Role for Natural Killer Cells in Host Defense to Bacillus anthracis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney B.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica E.","family":"Calderon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Huante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott T.","family":"Moen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vsevolod L.","family":"Popov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wallace B.","family":"Baze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Texas, M. 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Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnny W.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infections, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice J.","family":"Endsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infections, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01066-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2006.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0802.01-0521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1755-1765.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.12.8275-8281.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2006.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.12.7557"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2009.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0505239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285800903010092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00870-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.3.1455"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)00940-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.169.1.99"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00806.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200302000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.8.2818-2821.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0409222"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.00766.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000588"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402170"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00352-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.2.1016-1024.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2009.02292.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5386.121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.05.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2007.02026.x","article-title":"IFN-gamma production and degranulation are differentially regulated in response to stimulation in murine natural killer cells","volume":"67","author":"Vahlne G","year":"2008","unstructured":"VahlneGBeckerSBrodinPJohanssonMH. 2008. 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