{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T19:25:22Z","timestamp":1774121122227,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            , is an important cause of community-acquired sepsis in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. An important controller of the immune system is the pleiotropic cytokine transforming growth factor \u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2), of which Smad2 and Smad3 are the major signal transducers. In this study, we aimed to characterize TGF-\u03b2 expression and function in experimental melioidosis. TGF-\u03b2 expression was determined in 33 patients with culture-proven infection with\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            and 30 healthy controls. We found that plasma TGF-\u03b2 concentrations were strongly elevated during melioidosis. In line with this finding, TGF-\u03b2 expression in C57BL\/6 mice intranasally inoculated with\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            was enhanced as well. To assess the role of TGF-\u03b2, we inhibited TGF-\u03b2 using a selective murine TGF-\u03b2 antibody. Treatment of mice with anti-TGF-\u03b2 antibody resulted in decreased lung Smad2 phosphorylation. TGF-\u03b2 blockade appeared to be protective: mice treated with anti-TGF-\u03b2 antibody and subsequently infected with\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            showed diminished bacterial loads. Moreover, less distant organ injury was observed in anti-TGF-\u03b2 treated mice as shown by reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and aspartate transaminase (AST) values. However, anti-TGF-\u03b2 treatment did not have an effect on survival. In conclusion, TGF-\u03b2 is upregulated during\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection and plays a limited but proinflammatory role during experimental melioidosis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.05534-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,14]],"date-time":"2012-02-14T04:50:47Z","timestamp":1329195047000},"page":"1853-1857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Expression and Function of Transforming Growth Factor \u03b2 in Melioidosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Tassili A. F.","family":"Weehuizen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catharina W.","family":"Wieland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerritje J. W.","family":"van der Windt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan-Willem","family":"Duitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Boon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioceros B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas P. J.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon J.","family":"Peacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"van der Poll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine &amp; AIDS, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. Joost","family":"Wiersinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine &amp; AIDS, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.2.383-416.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00006203"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000900"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq192"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta 1 knockout mice. 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Inflammation patterns induced by different Burkholderia species in mice. Cell Microbiol. 10:81\u201387.","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328322e727"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(09)60028-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvq043"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.05534-11","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.05534-11","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T12:19:30Z","timestamp":1646482770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.05534-11"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"R. 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