{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:29:13Z","timestamp":1791296953103,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Concurrent with the global escalation of the AIDS pandemic, cryptococcal infections are increasing and are of significant medical importance. Furthermore,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            has become a primary human pathogen, causing infection in seemingly healthy individuals. Although numerous studies have elucidated the virulence properties of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            , less is understood regarding lung host immune factors during early stages of fungal infection. Based on our previous studies documenting that pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D) protects\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            cells against macrophage-mediated defense mechanisms\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            (S. Geunes-Boyer et al., Infect. Immun. 77:2783\u20132794, 2009), we postulated that SP-D would facilitate fungal infection\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            . To test this hypothesis, we examined the role of SP-D in response to\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            using SP-D\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            mice. Here, we demonstrate that mice lacking SP-D were partially protected during\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection; they displayed a longer mean time to death and decreased fungal burden at several time points postinfection than wild-type mice. This effect was reversed by the administration of exogenous SP-D. Furthermore, we show that SP-D bound to the surface of the yeast cells and protected the pathogenic microbes against macrophage-mediated defense mechanisms and hydrogen peroxide (H\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            O\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            )-induced oxidative stress\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            . These findings indicate that\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            is capable of coopting host SP-D to increase host susceptibility to the yeast. This study establishes a new paradigm for the role played by SP-D during host responses to\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            and consequently imparts insight into potential future preventive and\/or treatment strategies for cryptococcosis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.05613-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T03:14:59Z","timestamp":1335842099000},"page":"2444-2453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Surfactant Protein D Facilitates Cryptococcus neoformans Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Scarlett","family":"Geunes-Boyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael F.","family":"Beers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Perfect","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Heitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo Rae","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4563-4569.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.7.2291-2296.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.09.061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01152.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46620-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/383130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-008-0011-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2001.281.6.L1453"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13693780903117473"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870902100122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/176532"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/840452"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00362.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.4225-4237.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04220"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00088-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0461OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001370"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00334-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.6.3557"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"L753","article-title":"Interactions of recombinant human pulmonary surfactant protein D and SP-D multimers with influenza A","volume":"271","author":"Hartshorn K","year":"1996","unstructured":"HartshornK. 1996. 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