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The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of the inflammatory and fibrogenic mediators which may be involved. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of children living in an untreated trachoma-endemic community in Tanzania. The children were examined for signs of trachoma, and swabs were collected for bacteriological culture and RNA and DNA isolation.<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>was detected by the Amplicor PCR test. The expression of the following genes was measured by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR):<jats:italic>S100A7<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>IL17A<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>IL23A<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>CXCL5<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>CCL18<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>TLR2<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>NLRP3<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>KLRD1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>CTGF<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>MMP9<\/jats:italic>. Four hundred seventy children under the age of 10 years were included. Follicular trachoma (TF) was detected in 65 children (14%),<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>was detected in 25 (5%), and bacterial pathogens were cultured in 161 (34%). TF was associated with significantly increased expression of<jats:italic>S100A7<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>IL17A<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>CCL18<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>CXCL5<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>CTGF.<\/jats:italic>Expression was increased further in the presence of papillary inflammation. Nonchlamydial bacterial infection was associated with increased expression of<jats:italic>IL17A<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>CXCL5<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>CCL18<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>KLRD1<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>IL17A<\/jats:italic>expression was associated with increased expression of<jats:italic>S100A7<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>CXCL5<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>CCL18<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>KLRD1<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>CTGF.<\/jats:italic>These data are consistent with a role for IL-17A in orchestrating the proinflammatory response in trachoma. Its activity may be promoted either as part of the cell-mediated response or through innate pathways. It may drive a range of proinflammatory factors leading to excessive tissue damage and repair involving fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.05718-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,13]],"date-time":"2011-09-13T06:31:35Z","timestamp":1315895495000},"page":"4977-4983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Active Trachoma Is Associated with Increased Conjunctival Expression of<i>IL17A<\/i>and Profibrotic Cytokines"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Burton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athumani","family":"Ramadhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen A.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Massae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Burr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wahida","family":"Shangali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Regional Eye Care Programme, Moshi, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C. 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