{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:40:45Z","timestamp":1790887245011,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]],"date-time":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320105600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            We have previously reported that C57BL\/6 mice vaccinated with a live, attenuated mutant of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Coccidioides posadasii<\/jats:named-content>\n            , referred to as the \u0394T vaccine, are fully protected against pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. This model was used here to explore the nature of vaccine immunity during the initial 2-week period after intranasal challenge. Elevated neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration into the lungs of nonvaccinated mice contrasted with markedly reduced recruitment of these cells in vaccinated animals. The numbers of lung-infiltrated macrophages and dendritic cells showed a progressive increase in vaccinated mice and corresponded with reduction of the lung infection. Concentrations of selected inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were initially higher in lung homogenates of vaccinated mice but then generally decreased at 14 days postchallenge in correlation with containment of the organism and apparent dampening of the inflammation of host tissue. Profiles of cytokines detected in lung homogenates of \u0394T-vaccinated mice were indicative of a mixed T helper 1 (Th1)-, Th2-, and Th17-type immune response, a conclusion which was supported by detection of lung infiltration of activated T cells with the respective CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3)\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            , CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            interleukin-5 (IL-5)\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            , and CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            IL-17A\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            phenotypes. While Th1 and Th2 immunity was separately dispensed of by genetic manipulation without loss of \u0394T vaccine-mediated protection, loss of functional Th17 cells resulted in increased susceptibility to infection in immunized mice. Characterization of the early events of protective immunity to\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Coccidioides<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection in vaccinated mice contributes to the identification of surrogates of immune defense and provides potential insights into the design of immunotherapeutic protocols for treatment of coccidioidomycosis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.05726-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,23]],"date-time":"2011-08-23T00:22:36Z","timestamp":1314058956000},"page":"4511-4522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Vaccine Immunity to Coccidioidomycosis Occurs by Early Activation of Three Signal Pathways of T Helper Cell Response (Th1, Th2, and Th17)"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Chiung-Yu","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"W\u00fcthrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School and University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce S.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School and University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garry T.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"1039","article-title":"In vitro whole-blood analysis of cellular immunity in patients with active coccidioidomycosis by using the antigen preparation T27K","volume":"9","author":"Ampel N. 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