{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:53:06Z","timestamp":1791301986013,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Nocardia brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>is an intracellular microorganism and the most common etiologic agent of actinomycetoma in the Americas. Several intracellular pathogens induce an immunosuppressive microenvironment through increases in CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>Foxp3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>regulatory T cells (Treg), thus downregulating other T-cell subpopulations and assuring survival in the host. In this study, we determined whether<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>modulates T-lymphocyte responses and their related cytokine profiles in a murine experimental model. We also examined the relationship between<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>immunomodulation and pathogenesis and bacterial survival. In early infection, Th17\/Tc17 cells were increased at day 3 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) in footpad tissue and spleen. Treg subpopulations peaked at days 7 and 15 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.01) in the footpad and spleen, respectively. Transforming growth factor \u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21) and interleuki-10 (IL-10) are cytokines known for their immunosuppressive effects. During early and chronic infections, these cytokines were elevated with increased TGF-\u03b21 levels from days 3 to 30 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.01) and sustained IL-10 expression throughout infection compared to uninfected mice. IL-6 production was increased at day 3 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.01), whereas gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3), IL-17A, and IL-23 levels were highest at day 15 postinfection (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.01) when a decrease in the bacterial load (&gt;1 log) was also observed (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05). After these changes, at 30 to 60 days postinfection, IFN-\u03b3 production was decreased, whereas the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and the bacterial load again increased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05). The increment in Treg cells and the related cytokine profile correlated with reduced inflammation at day 15 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) in the footpad. We conclude that<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. brasiliensis<\/jats:named-content>modulates the immune system to induce an immunosuppressive microenvironment that benefits its survival during the chronic stage of infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.06307-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T03:14:59Z","timestamp":1335842099000},"page":"2493-2499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Nocardia brasiliensis Induces an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment That Favors Chronic Infection in BALB\/c Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Adrian G.","family":"Rosas-Taraco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira R.","family":"Perez-Li\u00f1an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Bocanegra-Ibarias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz I.","family":"Perez-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario C.","family":"Salinas-Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.8.5545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001920"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI9918"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009623"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2009.02308.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.5.1209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.141.7.2407","article-title":"Release of reactive nitrogen intermediates and reactive oxygen intermediates from mouse peritoneal macrophages: comparison of activating cytokines and evidence for independent production","volume":"141","author":"Ding AH","year":"1988","unstructured":"DingAHNathanCFStuehrDJ. 1988. 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