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In this study, we wanted to analyze the impact of GM-CSF on experimental<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>-induced arthritis. For that purpose, mice were administered GM-CSF before and after bacterial inoculation. Although there was an increase in the total number of leukocytes as well as in the granulocyte fraction, there was no favorable effect on the severity of arthritis or on survival rates. There were no obvious differences between the GM-CSF-pretreated animals and controls with regard to growth of staphylococci in joints and kidneys 4 days after the bacterial inoculation. In contrast, mice that had been pretreated with GM-CSF prior to bacterial inoculation showed approximately four times lower numbers of bacteria in their blood 24 h later. These results, along with those of our previous studies, suggest that on the one hand the granulocyte is the main protective cell during the course of<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>infection but that on the other hand, upregulation of granulocyte-macrophage production will not exert any additional protective effects with respect to tissue injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.66.2.853-855.1998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T15:23:13Z","timestamp":1577805793000},"page":"853-855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in<i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>-Induced Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Margareta","family":"Verdrengh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Rheumatology, University of Go\u0308teborg, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Tarkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Rheumatology, University of Go\u0308teborg, Go\u0308teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Abbas A. 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