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In the present studies, we analyzed the effects of in vivo administration of a soluble immunomodulator, \u03b2-(1,6)-branched \u03b2-(1,3)-glucan (soluble \u03b2-glucan), on toxin-stimulated cytokine production in monocytes and lymphocytes isolated from treated mice. In vitro stimulation of lymphocytes isolated from soluble \u03b2-glucan-treated mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in enhanced production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and suppressed production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), while stimulation of these cells with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) or toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) resulted in enhanced production of gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) and suppressed production of IL-2 and TNF-\u03b1 compared to that in cells isolated from untreated mice. In vitro stimulation of monocytes isolated from soluble \u03b2-glucan-treated mice with LPS also resulted in suppressed TNF-\u03b1 production, while stimulation of these cells with SEB or TSST-1 resulted in suppressed IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 production compared to that in cells isolated from untreated mice. Thus, the overall cytokine pattern of leukocytes from soluble \u03b2-glucan-treated mice reflects suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-\u03b1. 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