{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:16:41Z","timestamp":1791904601234,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Pasteurella aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            is known as a commensal bacterium or as an opportunistic pathogen, as well as a primary pathogen found to be involved in abortion cases of humans, swine, and other mammals. Using broad-range DNA probes for bacterial RTX toxin genes, we cloned and subsequently sequenced a new operon named\n            <jats:italic>paxCABD<\/jats:italic>\n            encoding the RTX toxin PaxA in\n            <jats:italic>P. aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            . The\n            <jats:italic>pax<\/jats:italic>\n            operon is organized analogous to the classical RTX operons containing the activator gene\n            <jats:italic>paxC<\/jats:italic>\n            upstream of the structural toxin gene\n            <jats:italic>paxA<\/jats:italic>\n            , which is followed by the secretion protein genes\n            <jats:italic>paxB<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>paxD<\/jats:italic>\n            . The highest sequence similarity of\n            <jats:italic>paxA<\/jats:italic>\n            with known RTX toxin genes is found with\n            <jats:italic>apxIIIA<\/jats:italic>\n            (82%). PaxA is structurally similar to ApxIIIA and also shows functional analogy to ApxIIIA, since it shows cohemolytic activity with the sphingomyelinase of\n            <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            , known as the CAMP effect, but is devoid of direct hemolytic activity. In addition, it shows to some extent immunological cross-reactions with ApxIIIA.\n            <jats:italic>P. aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            isolated from various specimens showed that the\n            <jats:italic>pax<\/jats:italic>\n            operon was present in about one-third of the strains. All of the\n            <jats:italic>pax<\/jats:italic>\n            -positive strains were specifically related to swine abortion cases or septicemia of newborn piglets. These strains were also shown to produce the PaxA toxin as determined by the CAMP phenomenon, whereas none of the\n            <jats:italic>pax<\/jats:italic>\n            -negative strains did. This indicated that the PaxA toxin is involved in the pathogenic potential of\n            <jats:italic>P. aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            . The examined\n            <jats:italic>P. aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates were phylogenetically analyzed by 16S rRNA gene (\n            <jats:italic>rrs<\/jats:italic>\n            ) sequencing in order to confirm their species. Only a small heterogeneity (&lt;0.5%) was observed between the\n            <jats:italic>rrs<\/jats:italic>\n            genes of the strains originating from geographically distant farms and isolated at different times.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.68.1.6-12.2000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T17:57:25Z","timestamp":1241200645000},"page":"6-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Characterization of PaxA and Its Operon: a Cohemolytic RTX Toxin Determinant from Pathogenic\n            <i>Pasteurella aerogenes<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Kuhnert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Be\u0301ne\u0301dicte","family":"Heyberger-Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Nicolet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Ausubel\nF. M.\nBrent\nR.\nKingston\nR. E.\nMoore\nD. D.\nSeidman\nJ. G.\nSmith\nJ. A.\nStruhl\nK.\nCurrent protocols in molecular biology.\n1990\nJohn Wiley & Sons\nNew York N.Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Bercovier\nH.\nPerreau\nP.\nEscande\nF.\nBrault\nJ.\nKiredjian\nM.\nMollaret\nH. H.\nCharacterization of Pasteurella aerogenes isolated in France\nHaemophilus Pasteurella and Actinobacillus.\nKilian\nM.\nFrederiksen\nW.\nBiberstein\nE. 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Agents Dis."}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.68.1.6-12.2000","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.68.1.6-12.2000","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T01:19:47Z","timestamp":1646443187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.68.1.6-12.2000"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"J. 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