{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T07:50:25Z","timestamp":1792741825325,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,1]],"date-time":"2000-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":949363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an opportunistic mucosal infection caused by\n            <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            that affects large numbers of otherwise healthy women of childbearing age. Acute episodes of VVC often occur during pregnancy and during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, when levels of progesterone and estrogen are elevated. Although estrogen-dependent experimental rodent models of\n            <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            vaginal infection are used for many applications, the role of reproductive hormones and\/or their limits in the acquisition of vaginal candidiasis remain unclear. This study examined the effects of estrogen and progesterone on several aspects of an experimental infection together with relative cell-mediated immune responses. Results showed that while decreasing estrogen concentrations eventually influenced infection-induced vaginal titers of\n            <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            and rates of infection in inoculated animals, the experimental infection could not be achieved in mice treated with various concentrations of progesterone alone. Furthermore, progesterone had no effect on (i) the induction and persistence of the infection in the presence of estrogen, (ii) delayed-type hypersensitivity in primary-infected mice, or (iii) the partial protection from a secondary vaginal infection under pseudoestrus conditions. Other results with estrogen showed that a persistent infection could be established with a wide range of\n            <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            inocula under supraphysiologic and near-physiologic (at estrus) concentrations of estrogen and that vaginal fungus titers or rates of infection were similar if pseudoestrus was initiated several days before or after inoculation. However, the pseudoestrus state had to be maintained for the infection to persist. Finally, estrogen was found to reduce the ability of vaginal epithelial cells to inhibit the growth of\n            <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            . These results suggest that estrogen, but not progesterone, is an important factor in hormone-associated susceptibility to\n            <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            vaginitis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.68.2.651-657.2000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:01:19Z","timestamp":1027764079000},"page":"651-657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Effects of Reproductive Hormones on Experimental Vaginal Candidiasis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"68","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Paul L.","family":"Fidel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Cutright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.3.1273-1275.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"186","article-title":"Analysis of the genetic encoding of oestradiol suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in (NZB \u00d7 NZW) F1 mice","volume":"73","author":"Carlsten H.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Carlsten H. Holmdahl R. Tarkowski A. Analysis of the genetic encoding of oestradiol suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in (NZB \u00d7 NZW) F1 mice.Immunology731991186190","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolreprod\/8.4.491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(86)90505-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.3135-3140.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.2.547-553.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.5.1990-1995.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.10.4202-4207.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.7.2403-2408.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.9.3.335"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90649-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90712-Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.53.3.498-504.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"51","article-title":"Weakness of cellular response to Listeria antigens in pregnant mice","volume":"45","author":"Klink M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Klink M. Rozalaska B. Rudnicka W. Weakness of cellular response to Listeria antigens in pregnant mice.Med. Dosw. Mikrobiol.4519935154 (In Polish.)","journal-title":"Med. Dosw. Mikrobiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219680000571"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"129","article-title":"Immunological status of women with prolonged oral contraceptives and occurrence of giardiasis","volume":"88","author":"Mazumder D. N.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mazumder D. N. Ghose N. Mirta J. Dutta G. Santra A. Immunological status of women with prolonged oral contraceptives and occurrence of giardiasis.J. Indian Med. Assoc.8851990129131","journal-title":"J. Indian Med. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.55.647.648"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1995.tb02220.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"Odds\nF. C.\nChronic mucocutaneous candidiosis\nCandida and candidosis.\n1988\n104\n110\nUniversity Park Press\nBaltimore Md"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parr\nM. B.\nParr\nE. L.\nMucosal immunity in the female and male reproductive tracts\nHandbook of mucosal immunity.\nOgra\nP. L.\nMestecky\nJ. J.\nLamm\nM. E.\n1994\n677\n689\nAcademic Press\nSan Diego Calif","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-524730-6.50059-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romani\nL.\nPuccetti\nP.\nBistoni\nF.\nBiological role of Th cell subsets in candidiasis\nTh1 and Th2 cells in health and disease.\nRomagnani\nS.\n1996\n114\n137\nKarger\nFarmington Conn","DOI":"10.1159\/000319482"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02681218680000721"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb40450.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"1573","article-title":"Vaginal infections in adult women","volume":"74","author":"Sobel J. D.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sobel J. D. Vaginal infections in adult women.Sex. Transm. Dis.74199015731601","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.Supplement_1.S148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)80001-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00362178585380301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1365-280X.1999.00228.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"125","article-title":"Endrocine regulation of the immune system during pregnancy","volume":"38","author":"Szekeres-Bartho J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Szekeres-Bartho J. Endrocine regulation of the immune system during pregnancy.Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp.381990125140","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1960.13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","unstructured":"Wira\nC. R.\nPrabhala\nR. H.\nThe female reproductive tract is an inductive site for immune responses: effect of oestradiol and antigen on antibody and secretory component levels in uterine and cervico-vaginal secretions following various routes of immunization\nScientific basis of fertility regulation: local immunity in reproductive tract tissues.\nGriffin\nP. D.\nJohnson\nP. M.\n1993\n271\n293\nOxford University Press\nNew York N.Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"505","article-title":"Antigen-presenting cells in the female reproductive tract: influence of sex hormones on antigen presentation in the vagina","volume":"84","author":"Wira C. R.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wira C. R. Rossoll R. M. Antigen-presenting cells in the female reproductive tract: influence of sex hormones on antigen presentation in the vagina.Immunology841995505508","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/268534a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"Wira\nC. R.\nStern\nJ. E.\nEndocrine regulation of the mucosal immune system in the female reproductive tract. Control of IgA IgG and secretory component during the reproductive cycle at implantation and throughout pregnancy\nHormones and fetal pathophysiology. M.\nPasqualini\nJ. R.\nScholler\nR.\n1992\n343\n367\nDekker\nNew York N.Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1987.tb00147.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-199134030-00021"}],"container-title":["Infection and Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.68.2.651-657.2000","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/IAI.68.2.651-657.2000","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T01:23:37Z","timestamp":1646443417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/IAI.68.2.651-657.2000"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"T. R.","family":"Kozel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/IAI.68.2.651-657.2000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.68.2.651-657.2000","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-9567","1098-5522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-9567","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1999-06-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1999-10-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2000-02-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}