{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:24:06Z","timestamp":1791285846892,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,1]],"date-time":"2000-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":954547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The agents of Lyme disease (\n            <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n            ) and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (\n            <jats:italic>Ehrlichia phagocytophila<\/jats:italic>\n            ) are both transmitted by the tick\n            <jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n            . In nature, ticks are often infected with both agents simultaneously. We studied whether previous infection with either\n            <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n            or\n            <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n            in ticks would affect acquisition and transmission of a second pathogen.\n            <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected\n            <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n            nymphs were fed upon\n            <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected mice, and\n            <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected\n            <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n            nymphs were fed upon\n            <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected mice. The efficiency with which previously infected nymphal ticks acquired a second pathogen from infected hosts was compared to that of uninfected ticks. An average of 51% \u00b1 15% of ticks acquired\n            <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n            from infected mice regardless of their prior infection status with\n            <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n            . An average of 85% \u00b1 10% of ticks acquired\n            <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n            from infected mice regardless of their prior infection status with\n            <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n            . Also, we assessed the efficiency with which individual nymphs could transmit either agent alone, or both agents simultaneously, to individual susceptible hosts. An average of 76% \u00b1 9% of\n            <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected ticks and 84% \u00b1 10% of\n            <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected ticks transmitted these agents to mice regardless of the presence of the other pathogen. There was no evidence of interaction between the agents of Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in\n            <jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n            ticks. The presence of either agent in the ticks did not affect acquisition of the other agent from an infected host. Transmission of the agents of Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis by individual ticks was equally efficient and independent. Dually infected ticks transmitted each pathogen to susceptible hosts as efficiently as ticks infected with only one pathogen.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.68.4.2183-2186.2000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:01:19Z","timestamp":1027764079000},"page":"2183-2186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Acquisition of Coinfection and Simultaneous Transmission of\n            <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n            and\n            <i>Ehrlichia phagocytophila<\/i>\n            by\n            <i>Ixodes scapularis<\/i>\n            Ticks"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Levin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Durland","family":"Fish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.300"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.3.589-595.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0303.970312"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/34.4.379"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/36.2.182"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/37551"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.1.189"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"456","article-title":"Intrapopulation differences in the infectivity of adult Ixodes persulcatus P. 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Korenberg E. I. Kutlina T. V. Ustinova O. A. Standards for reviewing preparations in the study of ixodid tick nymphs by dark-field microscopy in borreliosis foci.Med. Parazitol. (Moscow)419961821 (In Russian.)","journal-title":"Med. Parazitol. (Moscow)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"18","article-title":"The optimization of a method for assessing the contagiosity and the degree of individual infectiousness of ticks with Borrelia","volume":"3","author":"Kovalevskii Y. V.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kovalevskii Y. V. Korenberg E. I. Nikitochkin I. G. The optimization of a method for assessing the contagiosity and the degree of individual infectiousness of ticks with Borrelia.Med. Parazitol. (Moscow)319911821 (In Russian.)","journal-title":"Med. Parazitol. 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