{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T08:50:44Z","timestamp":1784191844262,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]],"date-time":"2000-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":959817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The polysaccharide fucoidin is a selectin blocker that inhibits leukocyte recruitment into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during experimental pneumococcal meningitis. In the present study, the effect of fucoidin treatment on the release of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and IL-8 into the CSF was investigated. Rabbits (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 7) were treated intravenously with 10 mg of fucoidin\/kg of body weight every second hour starting 4 h after intracisternal inoculation of \u223c10\n            <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n            CFU of\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            type 3 (untreated control group,\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 7). CSF samples were obtained every second hour during a 16-h study period. Treatment with fucoidin caused a consistent and significant decrease in CSF IL-1 levels (in picograms per milliliter) between 12 and 16 h (0 versus 170, 0 versus 526, and 60 versus 1,467, respectively;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.02). A less consistent decrease in CSF TNF-\u03b1 levels was observed in the fucoidin-treated group, but with no significant difference between the two groups (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &gt; 0.05). In contrast, there was no attenuation in CSF IL-8 levels. Indeed, there was a significant increase in CSF IL-8 levels (in picograms per milliliter) in the fucoidin-treated group at 10 and 12 h (921 versus 574 and 1,397 versus 569, respectively;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.09). In conclusion, our results suggest that blood-derived leukocytes mainly are responsible for the release of IL-1 and to some degree TNF-\u03b1 into the CSF during pneumococcal meningitis, whereas IL-8 may be produced by local cells within the brain.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.68.6.3153-3157.2000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:01:19Z","timestamp":1027764079000},"page":"3153-3157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Inhibition of Leukocyte Entry into the Brain by the Selectin Blocker Fucoidin Decreases Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Levels but Increases IL-8 Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid during Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis in Rabbits"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"\u00d8stergaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Microbiology, Department of Research and Development, Statens Serum Institut,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runa Vavia","family":"Yieng-Kow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Microbiology, Department of Research and Development, Statens Serum Institut,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Benfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre University Hospital,2 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Frimodt-M\u00f8ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Microbiology, Department of Research and Development, Statens Serum Institut,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Espersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Microbiology, Department of Research and Development, Statens Serum Institut,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens D.","family":"Lundgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre University Hospital,2 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)11541-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00830-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0882-4010(95)90299-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.6.4.437"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.3.805"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.5.2071-2074.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.56.5.559"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s000110050304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1987.tb02296.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114292"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/39.6.781"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.7.3430-3436.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01591492"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.7.1706"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.172.2.497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115527"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.171.2.439"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107767"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118695"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.170.6.1859"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(96)00173-7"}],"container-title":["Infection 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