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This study demonstrates that inoculation of Hib porin into the fourth cerebral ventricle causes the simultaneous expression of interleukin-1\u03b1 (IL-1\u03b1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) at 6 h after inoculation. At 24 h, the expression of MIP-2 decreases while the expression of IL-1\u03b1 and TNF-\u03b1 increases. The mRNA expression of IL-1\u03b1, TNF-\u03b1, and MIP-2 is correlated with injury to the blood-brain barrier as demonstrated by the appearance of serum proteins and leukocytes in cerebrospinal fluid and by the increase in brain water content.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.69.1.221-227.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:01:19Z","timestamp":1027764079000},"page":"221-227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["<i>Haemophilus influenzae<\/i>Porin Contributes to Signaling of the Inflammatory Cascade in Rat Brain"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Galdiero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Dipartimento di Patologia e Sanita\u0300Animale, Facolta\u0300 di Veterinaria, Universita\u0300 degli Studi di Napoli Federico I, 80137 Naples,1 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"D'Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Istituto di Farmacologia e Tossicologia2and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Gorga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Istituto di Microbiologia,3Facolta\u0300 di Medicina e Chirurgia, Seconda Universita\u0300degli Studi di Napoli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Di Filippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Istituto di Farmacologia e Tossicologia2and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"D'Isanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Istituto di Microbiologia,3Facolta\u0300 di Medicina e Chirurgia, Seconda Universita\u0300degli Studi di Napoli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariateresa","family":"Vitiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Istituto di Microbiologia,3Facolta\u0300 di Medicina e Chirurgia, Seconda Universita\u0300degli Studi di Napoli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Longanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Istituto di Microbiologia,3Facolta\u0300 di Medicina e Chirurgia, Seconda Universita\u0300degli Studi di Napoli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Tortora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Istituto di Microbiologia,3Facolta\u0300 di Medicina e Chirurgia, Seconda Universita\u0300degli Studi di Napoli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)03010-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199609)18:1<11::AID-GLIA2>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-02-00846.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.3.963","article-title":"Interferon-gamma induction by lipopolysaccharide: dependence on interleukin 2 and macrophages","volume":"136","author":"Blanchard D. 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