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We have studied the interactions of SP-D and alveolar macrophages with\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a common cause of nosocomial pneumonia. SP-D does not agglutinate encapsulated\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    but selectively agglutinates spontaneous, unencapsulated phase variants, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain K50-3OF, through interactions with their lipopolysaccharides (LPS). These effects are calcium dependent and inhibited with maltose but not lactose, consistent with involvement of the SP-D carbohydrate recognition domain. Precoating of K50-3OF with SP-D enhances the phagocytosis and killing of these organisms by rat alveolar macrophages in cell culture and stimulates the production of nitric oxide by the NR-8383 rat alveolar macrophage cell line. SP-D similarly enhances the NO response to K50-3OF LPS adsorbed to Latex beads under conditions where soluble LPS or SP-D, or soluble complexes of SP-D and LPS, do not stimulate NO production. Our studies demonstrate that interactions of SP-D with exposed arrays of\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    LPS on a particulate surface can enhance the host defense activities of alveolar macrophages and suggest that activation of macrophages by SP-D requires binding to microorganisms or other particulate ligands. Because unencapsulated phase variants are likely to be responsible for the initial stages of tissue invasion and infection, we speculate that SP-D-mediated agglutination and\/or opsonization of\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an important defense mechanism for this respiratory pathogen in otherwise healthy individuals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.69.1.24-33.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T06:01:19Z","timestamp":1027749679000},"page":"24-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Surfactant Protein D Enhances Phagocytosis and Killing of Unencapsulated Phase Variants of\n                    <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Itzhak","family":"Ofek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Human Microbiology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adi","family":"Mesika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Human Microbiology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moshe","family":"Kalina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Human Microbiology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yona","family":"Keisari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Human Microbiology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranier","family":"Podschun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Kiel, Kiel Germany2; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hany","family":"Sahly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Kiel, Kiel Germany2; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"McGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Crouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4563-4569.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.1.62-66.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.5.1673-1682.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.1.91-95.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"L1198","article-title":"Nitric oxide production by rat alveolar macrophages can be modulated in vitro by surfactant protein A","volume":"272","author":"Blau H.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Blau H. 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