{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:48:11Z","timestamp":1790905691471,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1033430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The cellular localization of\n            <jats:italic>Babesia bovis<\/jats:italic>\n            rhoptry-associated protein 1 (RAP-1) and its erythrocyte-binding affinity were examined with anti-RAP-1 antibodies. In an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test, RAP-1 was detectable in all developmental stages of merozoites and in extracellular merozoites. In the early stage of merozoite development, RAP-1 appears as a dense accumulation, which later thins out and blankets the host cell cytoplasm, but retains a denser mass around newly formed parasite nuclei. The preferential accumulations of RAP-1 on the inner surface of a host cell membrane and bordering the parasite's outer surface were demonstrable by immunoelectron microscopy. An erythrocyte-binding assay with the lysate of merozoites demonstrated RAP-1 binding to both bovine and equine erythrocytes. Anti-RAP-1 monoclonal antibody 1C1 prevented the interaction of RAP-1 with bovine erythrocytes and significantly inhibited parasite proliferation in vitro. With the recombinant RAP-1, the addition of increasing concentrations of Ca\n            <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n            accentuated its binding affinity with bovine erythrocytes. The present findings lend support to an earlier proposition of an erythrocytic binding role for RAP-1 expressed in\n            <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n            merozoites and, possibly, its involvement in the escape of newly formed merozoites from host cells.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.70.10.5822-5826.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,12]],"date-time":"2002-09-12T20:28:25Z","timestamp":1031862505000},"page":"5822-5826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Cellular Localization of\n            <i>Babesia bovis<\/i>\n            Merozoite Rhoptry-Associated Protein 1 and Its Erythrocyte-Binding Activity"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Naoaki","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boonchit","family":"Suthisak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruyuki","family":"Hirata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohide","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noboru","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chihiro","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikuo","family":"Igarashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.7.1835-1839.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(85)90042-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90031-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90194-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"106","volume":"10","year":"2000","unstructured":"De Waal, D. 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