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The prevailing hypothesis attributes this variation to interactions between the vaccine and mycobacteria common in the environment, but the precise mechanism has so far not been clarified. Our study demonstrates that prior exposure to live environmental mycobacteria can result in a broad immune response that is recalled rapidly after BCG vaccination and controls the multiplication of the vaccine. In these sensitized mice, BCG elicits only a transient immune response with a low frequency of mycobacterium-specific cells and no protective immunity against TB. In contrast, the efficacy of TB subunit vaccines was unaffected by prior exposure to environmental mycobacteria. Six different isolates from soil and sputum samples from Karonga district in Northern Malawi (a region in which BCG vaccination has no effect against pulmonary TB) were investigated in the mouse model, and two strains of the<jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>complex were found to block BCG activity completely.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.70.2.672-678.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:55:53Z","timestamp":1027763753000},"page":"672-678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":368,"title":["Failure of the<i>Mycobacterium bovis<\/i>BCG Vaccine: Some Species of Environmental Mycobacteria Block Multiplication of BCG and Induction of Protective Immunity to Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Lise","family":"Brandt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of TB Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Feino Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of MicrobiologyImmunology of Infection, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Weinreich Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of TB Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Chilima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London,"},{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Institute of Arable Crops Research-Rothamsted, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penny","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Institute of Arable Crops Research-Rothamsted, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Appelberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of MicrobiologyImmunology of Infection, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of TB Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.5.7582297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.23.3.446-451.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-380.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"1","volume":"72","year":"1980","unstructured":"Baily, G. 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