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Both<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>and noncapsulated<jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>were included as controls. The maximal percentage of granulocytes taken up by<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>was 35% after 90 min. In contrast, 95% of<jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>bacteria were phagocytosed by granulocytes after 30 min. These results indicated that<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>phagocytosis was slow and inefficient. Bacterial opsonization by using specific antibodies increased the percentage of granulocytes phagocytosing<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>from 24 to 49%. The nonphagocytosed bacteria were completely resistant to phagocytosis even when reexposed to granulocytes, indicating that the<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>culture comprised a mixture of phenotypes. The intracellular survival of<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>in granulocytes, in monocytes\/macrophages, and in a monocyte cell line (THP-1) was quantified after application of gentamicin treatment to kill extracellular bacteria.<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>survival within phagocytes was poor; approximately 11 and &lt;0.1% of the added bacteria survived intracellularly after 2 and 20 h of incubation, respectively, while no intracellular<jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>bacteria were recovered after 2 h of incubation with phagocytes. The role of phagocytes in the development of skin lesions due to<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>was also studied in vivo. Mice that were depleted of granulocytes and\/or monocytes and SCID mice, which lacked T and B cells, were injected intradermally with approximately 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>CFU of<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>. Within 4 days of inoculation, the granulocyte-depleted mice developed lesions that persisted throughout the experimental period. This result reinforces the importance of granulocytes in the early innate defense against<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>infection. In conclusion,<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>is insufficiently phagocytosed to achieve complete eradication of the bacteria. Indeed,<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>has the ability to survive intracellularly for short periods within phagocytic cells in vitro. Since granulocytes play a major role in the innate defense against<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>infection in vivo, bacterial resistance to phagocytosis probably plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chancroid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.70.2.899-908.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T15:11:51Z","timestamp":1586358711000},"page":"899-908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["In Vitro and In Vivo Interactions of<i>Haemophilus<\/i><i>ducreyi<\/i>with Host Phagocytes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Hinda J.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catharina","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liselott A.","family":"Svensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Ahlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margareta","family":"Verdrengh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, University of Go\u0308teborg, S-413 46 Go\u0308teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Lagerga\u030ard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.8.3151-3158.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01691496"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.4.2549-2557.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.4.2309-2314.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.5.2649-2652.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1488-1491.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.8.2601-2608.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellazzo A. 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