{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T05:37:07Z","timestamp":1792647427407,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]],"date-time":"2002-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1017619200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n            )\n            <jats:italic>phagocytophila<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Ehrlichia chaffeensis<\/jats:italic>\n            , the etiologic agents of granulocytic and monocytic ehrlichioses, respectively, are obligatory intracellular bacteria that cause febrile systemic illness in humans. We identified and characterized clusters of genes for a type IV secretion machinery in these two bacteria, and analyzed their gene expression in cell culture and mammalian hosts. Eight\n            <jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>virD<\/jats:italic>\n            genes were found in each bacterial genome, and all of the genes were transcribed in cell culture. Although the gene order and orientation were similar to those found in other bacteria, the eight\n            <jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>virD<\/jats:italic>\n            genes were clustered at two separate loci in each genome. Five of the genes (\n            <jats:italic>virB8<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>virB9<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>virB10<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>virB11<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>virD4<\/jats:italic>\n            ) were located downstream from a\n            <jats:italic>ribA<\/jats:italic>\n            gene. These five genes in both\n            <jats:italic>A. phagocytophila<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>E. chaffeensis<\/jats:italic>\n            were polycistronically transcribed and controlled through at least two tandem promoters located upstream of the\n            <jats:italic>virB8<\/jats:italic>\n            gene in human leukemia cell lines. The\n            <jats:italic>virB9<\/jats:italic>\n            gene of\n            <jats:italic>A. phagocytophila<\/jats:italic>\n            was transcriptionally active in peripheral blood leukocytes from human ehrlichiosis patients and experimentally infected animals. Three of the remaining genes (\n            <jats:italic>virB3<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>virB4<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>virB6<\/jats:italic>\n            ) of both\n            <jats:italic>A. phagocytophila<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>E. chaffeensis<\/jats:italic>\n            were arranged downstream from a\n            <jats:italic>sodB<\/jats:italic>\n            gene and cotranscribed with the\n            <jats:italic>sodB<\/jats:italic>\n            gene through one or more\n            <jats:italic>sodB<\/jats:italic>\n            promoters in human leukocytes. This suggests that transcription of the three\n            <jats:italic>virB<\/jats:italic>\n            genes in these two\n            <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n            spp. is regulated by factors that influence the\n            <jats:italic>sodB<\/jats:italic>\n            gene expression. This unique regulation of gene expression for the type IV secretion system may be associated with intracellular survival and replication of\n            <jats:italic>Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n            spp. in granulocytes or monocytes.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.70.4.2128-2138.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:59:40Z","timestamp":1027763980000},"page":"2128-2138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Characterization and Transcriptional Analysis of Gene Clusters for a Type IV Secretion Machinery in Human Granulocytic and Monocytic Ehrlichiosis Agents"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Norio","family":"Ohashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuko","family":"Rikihisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.12.2838-2842.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/24094"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/17.21.8711"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.11.6133-6138.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.5.2258-2265.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.4.1455-1461.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.3.589-595.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.10.3085-3094.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02302.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)01792-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/17.12.4541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.13.3802-3808.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-6-2145"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1060966"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.4.910"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.py.32.090194.001105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/23.15.3074"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(99)00369-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.22.6529-6531.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.3.1368-1378.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.6697-6703.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01569.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061471"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.4.2083-2091.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.1.132-139.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.39.100185.003151"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/10445490050043344"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-47-3-235"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","unstructured":"Rikihisa Y. 1996. Ehrlichiae p. 272-286. In Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Diseases. International Society for Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Diseases Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovak Republic."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80053-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.1.143-148.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.1.210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-619X(90)90028-B"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2508(96)80284-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/104454900314528"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.4.1669"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01642.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5352.873"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/98253st02"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1125-1133.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(96)00586-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.25.17828"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","first-page":"1175","volume":"70","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhi, N., N. Ohashi, T. Tajima, J. Mott, R. W. Stich, D. Grover, S. R. Telford III, Q. Lin, and Y. Rikihisa. 2001. Transcript heterogeneity of p44 multigene family in human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent transmitted by ticks. Infect. Immun.70:1175-1184.","journal-title":"Infect. 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