{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:02:57Z","timestamp":1791295377724,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]],"date-time":"2002-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1022889600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Shigella dysenteriae<\/jats:italic>type 1-induced apoptotic cell death in rectal tissues from patients infected with<jats:italic>Shigella dysenteriae<\/jats:italic>type 1 was studied by the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique and annexin V staining. Expression of proteins and cytokines participating in the apoptotic process (caspase-1, caspase-3, Fas [CD95], Fas ligand [Fas-L], perforin, granzyme A, Bax, WAF-1, Bcl-2, interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-18, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) in tissue in the acute and convalescent stages of dysentery was quantified at the single-cell level by in situ immunostaining. Apoptotic cell death in the lamina propria was markedly up-regulated at the acute stage (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05), where an increased number of necrotic cells were also seen. Phenotypic analysis of apoptotic cells revealed that 43% of T cells (CD3), 10% of granulocytes (CD15), and 5% of macrophages (CD56) underwent apoptosis. Increased activity of caspase-1 persisted in the rectum up to 1 month after onset. More-extensive expression of Fas, Fas-L, perforin, caspase-3, and IL-18, but not IL-2, at the acute stage than at the convalescent stage was observed. Increased expression of caspase-3 and IL-18 in tissues with severe inflammation compared to expression in those with mild inflammation was evident, implying a possible role in the perpetuation of inflammation. Significantly reduced cell death during convalescence was associated with a significant up-regulation of Bcl-2, Bax, and WAF-1 expression in the rectum compared to that in the acute phase of infection. Thus, induction of apoptosis at the local site in the early phase of<jats:italic>S. dysenteriae<\/jats:italic>type 1 infection was associated with a significant up-regulation of Fas\/Fas-L and perforin and granzyme A expression and a down-regulation of Bcl-2 and IL-2, which promote cell survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.70.6.3199-3207.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:09:29Z","timestamp":1027764569000},"page":"3199-3207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Apoptosis in Acute Shigellosis Is Associated with Increased Production of Fas\/Fas Ligand, Perforin, Caspase-1, and Caspase-3 but Reduced Production of Bcl-2 and Interleukin-2"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Rubhana","family":"Raqib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Ekberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Stockholm University, Stockholm"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Protim","family":"Sharkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradip K.","family":"Bardhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Zychlinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe J.","family":"Sansonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unite de Pathogenie Microbienne Moleculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(97)01003-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5428.736"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V80.11.2920.2920"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"3","volume":"138","year":"1988","unstructured":"Clerc, P., B. 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