{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:43:17Z","timestamp":1790257397444,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]],"date-time":"2002-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1030838400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Melanin is made by several important pathogenic fungi and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of fungal infections. This study investigated whether the thermally dimorphic fungal pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Histoplasma capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    var\n                    <jats:italic>. capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    produced melanin or melanin-like compounds in vitro and during infection. Growth of\n                    <jats:italic>H. capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    mycelia in chemically defined minimal medium produced pigmented conidia. Growth of\n                    <jats:italic>H. capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    yeast in chemically defined minimal medium with\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) or (-)-epinephrine produced pigmented cells. Treatment of the pigmented cells with proteolytic enzymes, denaturant, and hot concentrated acid yielded dark particles that were similar in size and shape to their respective propagules. Melanin-binding monoclonal antibodies (MAb) labeled pigmented conidia, yeast, and the isolated particles as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy revealed that pigmented yeast cells and particles derived from pigmented cells were stable free radicals consistent with their identification as melanins. Tissues from mice infected with\n                    <jats:italic>H. capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and from biopsy specimens from a patient with histoplasmosis contained fungal cells that were labeled by melanin-binding MAb. Digestion of infected mouse tissues yielded dark particles that reacted with the melanin-binding MAb and were similar in appearance to\n                    <jats:italic>H. capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    yeast cells. Additionally, sera from infected mice contained antibodies that bound melanin particles. Phenoloxidase activity capable of synthesizing melanin from L-DOPA was detected in cytoplasmic yeast cell extracts. These findings indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>H. capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    conidia and yeast can produce melanin or melanin-like compounds in vitro and that yeast cells can synthesize pigment in vivo. Since melanin is an important virulence factor in other pathogenic fungi, this pigment may have a similar role to play in the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.70.9.5124-5131.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T15:36:19Z","timestamp":1033486579000},"page":"5124-5131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["<i>Histoplasma capsulatum<\/i>\n                    Synthesizes Melanin-Like Pigments In Vitro and during Mammalian Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Nosanchuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz L.","family":"Go\u0301mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department, St. Johns Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, Guy's, Kings, and St. Thomas Medical Schools, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Corporacio\u0301n para Investigaciones Biolo\u0301gicas, Medelli\u0301n, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirida","family":"Youngchim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department, St. Johns Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, Guy's, Kings, and St. Thomas Medical Schools, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, Chiang-Mai Medical School, Chiang-Mai, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Di\u0301ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department, St. Johns Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, Guy's, Kings, and St. Thomas Medical Schools, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Corporacio\u0301n para Investigaciones Biolo\u0301gicas, Medelli\u0301n, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Aisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Biophysics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosely M.","family":"Zancope\u0301-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisas Hospital Evandro Chagas, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Restrepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporacio\u0301n para Investigaciones Biolo\u0301gicas, Medelli\u0301n, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Casadevall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine"},{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Department, St. Johns Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, Guy's, Kings, and St. Thomas Medical Schools, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.8.3867-3873.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7389","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.12.7389","volume":"162","year":"1999","unstructured":"Allendorfer, R., G. 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