{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:40:39Z","timestamp":1790887239117,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]],"date-time":"2003-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1044057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mechanisms by which<jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>persists in an immunocompetent host are not well understood. Using a rat model of persistent infection, we investigated the ability of pulmonary macrophages (PuM) to phagocytize<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>and produce monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) as a function of the length of time of infection and opsonin. The ability of macrophages to affect serum-mediated phagocytosis varied over the course of infection and was dependent on CD11b\/c and CD18 expression. Infection resulted in increased MCP-1 levels within the lung, though the actual amounts varied over the course of infection. Immunohistochemical studies localized MCP-1 expression to macrophages and epithelioid cells. Enhanced production of MCP-1 by PuM from infected rats was confirmed by ex vivo studies. Induction of MCP-1 following serum-mediated phagocytosis was observed for PuM from both infected and noninfected rats and depended on the interaction of<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>with CD11b\/c and CD18. Specific antibody was more efficient than serum in promoting phagocytosis and consistently elicited more MCP-1. The relative amount of MCP-1 produced in association with phagocytosis was similar for PuM at all lengths of time of infection. Decreased MCP-1 production was observed for PuM obtained from older rats, including long-term (8 to 10 months)-infected and age-matched controls, suggesting that aging may affect the production of MCP-1 by PuM in response to cryptococcal infection. In summary, our results show that macrophages are an important source of MCP-1 during pulmonary cryptococcosis and that MCP-1 production is actively regulated during infection. Furthermore, we find that phagocytosis of<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>can serve as an important stimulus for MCP-1 production by PuM, though the efficiency of this process is dependent on the opsonin type and may be affected by aging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.71.2.930-936.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,22]],"date-time":"2003-01-22T23:03:20Z","timestamp":1043276600000},"page":"930-936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Phagocytic Activity and Monocyte Chemotactic Protein Expression by Pulmonary Macrophages in Persistent Pulmonary Cryptococcosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Wu","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Casadevall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine"},{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunhee C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.9.4018-4024.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.6.1437"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"1086","volume":"65","year":"1992","unstructured":"Casadevall, A., J. 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