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Expression of host cytokines in malaria parasites offers the opportunity to investigate the potential of an immunomodulatory approach by generating immunopotentiated parasites. Using the primate malaria parasite<jats:italic>Plasmodium knowlesi<\/jats:italic>, we explored the conditions for expressing host cytokines in malaria parasites.<jats:italic><jats:bold>P. knowlesi<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic>parasites transfected with DNA constructs for expressing rhesus monkey (<jats:italic>Macaca mulatta<\/jats:italic>) IFN-\u03b3 under the control of the heterologous<jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic>apical membrane antigen 1 promoter, produced bioactive IFN-\u03b3 in a developmentally regulated manner. IFN-\u03b3 expression had no marked effect on in vitro parasite development. Bioactivity of the parasite-produced IFN-\u03b3 was shown through inhibition of virus cytopathic effect and confirmed by using<jats:italic>M. mulatta<\/jats:italic>peripheral blood cells in vitro. These data indicate for the first time that it is feasible to generate malaria parasites expressing bioactive host immunomodulatory cytokines. Furthermore, cytokine-expressing malaria parasites offer the opportunity to analyze cytokine-mediated modulation of malaria during the blood and liver stages of the infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.71.8.4375-4381.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,21]],"date-time":"2003-07-21T22:58:43Z","timestamp":1058828323000},"page":"4375-4381","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Transfected<i>Plasmodium knowlesi<\/i>Produces Bioactive Host Gamma Interferon: a New Perspective for Modulating Immune Responses to Malaria Parasites"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Hastings","family":"Ozwara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Department of Parasitology, 2280 GH Rijswijk"},{"name":"Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan A. 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