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To assess the cytokine responses induced by these different costimulating stages and how they are influenced by host age and infection intensity, whole blood samples from a cross-sectional cohort of 226 members of a Ugandan fishing community who had been resident in an area with high transmission of<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>for the previous 10 years or from birth were stimulated with<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>egg antigen (SEA) or worm antigen (SWA). SWA-specific gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) production increased with age, and the levels of SWA- and SEA-specific interleukin 3 (IL-3) were weakly correlated with schistosome infection intensity. The production of most cytokines was little affected by age or infection intensity but was either SEA or SWA specific. One hundred thirty-two members of the cohort coproduced IL-5 and IL-13 specifically in response to SWA, whereas only 15 produced these cytokines, and at much lower levels, in response to SEA. IL-10, IL-4, and IFN-\u03b3 were also produced in response to SWA, whereas the response to SEA consisted almost exclusively of IL-10. Our results suggest that, in contrast to what has been described for the murine model of<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>and during acute human infections, chronic intense exposure to and infection with<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>in this cohort resulted in very low levels of response to SEA in vitro in the presence of a vigorous and mixed Th1-Th2 response to SWA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.72.2.728-734.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,24]],"date-time":"2004-01-24T23:46:23Z","timestamp":1074987983000},"page":"728-734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Cytokine Production in Whole Blood Cultures from a Fishing Community in an Area of High Endemicity for<i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>in Uganda: the Differential Effect of Parasite Worm and Egg Antigens"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Joseph","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frances M.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gachuhi","family":"Kimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph K.","family":"Mwatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Kamau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Kazibwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jovanice","family":"Kemijumbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narcis B.","family":"Kabatereine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry C.","family":"Kariuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Ouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgitte J.","family":"Vennervald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory, Charlottenlund, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Dunne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260633"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.2.920","volume":"162","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chiaramonte, M. 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