{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:31:44Z","timestamp":1791048704548,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]],"date-time":"2004-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1075593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The usual agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Old World is<jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>, which typically produces systemic diseases in humans and mice.<jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>has developed efficient strategies to infect and persist in macrophages from spleen and liver. Dendritic cells (DC) are sentinels of the immune system. Following recognition of evolutionary conserved microbial products, DC undergo a maturation process and activate antigen-specific nai\u0308ve T cells. In the present report we provide new insights into how DC detect<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>in vivo. We demonstrate that in both C57BL\/6 and BALB\/c mice, systemic injection of<jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>induced the migration of splenic DC from marginal zones to T-cell areas. During migration, DC upregulated the expression of major histocompatibility complex II and costimulatory receptors (such as CD40, CD80, and CD86).<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>-induced maturation requires live parasites and is not restricted to<jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>, as<jats:italic>L. braziliensis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>L. mexicana<\/jats:italic>induced a similar process. Using a green fluorescent protein-expressing parasite, we demonstrate that DC undergoing maturation in vivo display no parasite internalization. We also show that<jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>-induced DC maturation was partially abolished in MyD88-deficient mice. Taken together, our data suggest that<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>-induced DC maturation results from direct recognition of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>by DC, and not from DC infection, and that MyD88-dependent receptors are implicated in this process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.72.2.824-832.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,24]],"date-time":"2004-01-24T23:46:23Z","timestamp":1074987983000},"page":"824-832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Myd88-Dependent In Vivo Maturation of Splenic Dendritic Cells Induced by<i>Leishmania donovani<\/i>and Other Leishmania Species"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Carl","family":"De Trez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Institut de Biologie et de Me\u0301decine Mole\u0301culaire (IBMM), Universite\u0301 Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryse","family":"Brait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Institut de Biologie et de Me\u0301decine Mole\u0301culaire (IBMM), Universite\u0301 Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oberdan","family":"Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Institut de Biologie et de Me\u0301decine Mole\u0301culaire (IBMM), Universite\u0301 Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Aebischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola Aguilar","family":"Torrentera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento of Inmunologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico Distrito Federal, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Carlier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Universite\u0301 Libre de Bruxelles, Erasme, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Muraille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Universite\u0301 Libre de Bruxelles, Erasme, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.2.969"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200103)31:3<876::AID-IMMU876>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.2.418"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Bradley D. 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