{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T16:10:22Z","timestamp":1790525422008,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>is a protozoan parasite that causes colitis and liver abscesses. Several<jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>species and strains with differing levels of virulence have been identified.<jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>HM-1:IMSS is a virulent strain,<jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>Rahman is a nonvirulent strain, and<jats:italic>Entamoeba dispar<\/jats:italic>is a nonvirulent species. We used an<jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>DNA microarray consisting of 2,110 genes to assess the transcriptional differences between these species\/strains with the goal of identifying genes whose expression correlated with a virulence phenotype. We found 415 genes expressed at lower levels in<jats:italic>E. dispar<\/jats:italic>and 32 genes with lower expression in<jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>Rahman than in<jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>HM-1:IMSS. Overall, 29 genes had decreased expression in both the nonvirulent species\/strains than the virulent<jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>HM-1:IMSS. Interestingly, a number of genes with potential roles in stress response and virulence had decreased expression in either one or both nonvirulent<jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>species\/strains. These included genes encoding Fe hydrogenase (9.m00419), peroxiredoxin (176.m00112), type A flavoprotein (6.m00467), lysozyme (6.m00454), sphingomyelinase C (29.m00231), and a hypothetical protein with homology to both a<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>sporozoite threonine-asparagine-rich protein (STARP) and a streptococcal hemagglutinin (238.m00054). The function of these genes in<jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>and their specific roles in parasite virulence need to be determined. We also found that a number of the non-long-terminal-repeat retrotransposons (<jats:italic>EhLINE<\/jats:italic>s and<jats:italic>EhSINE<\/jats:italic>s), which have been shown to modulate gene expression and genomic evolution, had lower expression in the nonvirulent species\/strains than in<jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>HM-1:IMSS. Our results, identifying expression profiles and patterns indicative of a virulence phenotype, may be useful in characterizing the transcriptional framework of virulence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.74.1.340-351.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,20]],"date-time":"2005-12-20T22:02:58Z","timestamp":1135116178000},"page":"340-351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Virulent and Nonvirulent<i>Entamoeba<\/i>Species: Potential Implications for Amebic Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Ryan C.","family":"MacFarlane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5124"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Upinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5124"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5124"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2003.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01476.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.1.421-422.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00837.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2005.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(03)00121-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4815-4819.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00423-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"23319","volume":"24","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bozonet, S. 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