{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T18:11:59Z","timestamp":1774635119530,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]],"date-time":"2006-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1138752000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Prevention of inhalation anthrax requires early and extended antibiotic therapy, and therefore, alternative treatment strategies are needed. We investigated whether a human monoclonal antibody (AVP-21D9) to protective antigen (PA) would protect mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits against anthrax. Control animals challenged with\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            Ames spores by the intranasal route died within 3 to 7 days. AVP-21D9 alone provided minimal protection against anthrax in the murine model, but its efficacy was notably better in guinea pigs. When Swiss-Webster mice, challenged with five 50% lethal doses (LD\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            s) of anthrax spores, were given a single 16.7-mg\/kg of body weight AVP-21D9 antibody dose combined with ciprofloxacin (30 mg\/kg\/day for 6 days) 24 h after challenge, 100% of the mice were protected for more than 30 days, while ciprofloxacin or AVP-21D9 alone showed minimal protection. Similarly, when AVP-21D9 antibody (10 to 50 mg\/kg) was combined with a low, nonprotective dose of ciprofloxacin (3.7 mg\/kg\/day) and administered to guinea pigs for 6 days, synergistic protection against anthrax was observed. In contrast, a single dose of AVP-21D9 antibody (1, 5, 10, or 20 mg\/kg) but not 0.2 mg\/kg alone completely protected rabbits against challenge with 100 LD\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            s of\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            Ames spores, and 100% of the rabbits survived rechallenge. Further, administration of AVP-21D9 (10 mg\/kg) to rabbits at 0, 6, and 12 h after challenge with anthrax spores resulted in 100% survival; however, delay of antibody treatment by 24 and 48 h reduced survival to 80% and 60%, respectively. Serological analysis of sera from various surviving animals 30 days postprimary infection showed development of a species-specific PA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody titer that correlated with protection against reinfection. Taken together, the effectiveness of human anti-PA antibody alone or in combination with low ciprofloxacin levels may provide the basis for an improved strategy for prophylaxis or treatment following inhalation anthrax infection.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.74.2.1016-1024.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,21]],"date-time":"2006-01-21T01:42:38Z","timestamp":1137807758000},"page":"1016-1024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Human Monoclonal Anti-Protective Antigen Antibody Completely Protects Rabbits and Is Synergistic with Ciprofloxacin in Protecting Mice and Guinea Pigs against Inhalation Anthrax"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Johnny W.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infections, Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason E.","family":"Comer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Noffsinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infections, Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Autumn","family":"Wenglikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infections, Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin G.","family":"Walberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infections, Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bagram M.","family":"Chatuev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infections, Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashok K.","family":"Chopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infections, Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence R.","family":"Stanberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infections, Department of Microbiology and Immunology"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angray S.","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang W.","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jagadish","family":"Sircar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01794"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.11.6231-6241.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Beebe L. 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