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Recent evidence indicates that the intracellular protozoan parasite<jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>, which causes heart disease in chronically infected individuals, impinges on host apoptotic pathways in a cell type-dependent manner.<jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>infection of isolated neuronal cells and cardiomyocytes protects against apoptotic cell death, whereas apoptosis is triggered in T cells in<jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>-infected animals. In this study, we demonstrate that the ability of<jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>to protect cardiac cells in vitro from apoptosis triggered by a combination of tumor necrosis factor alpha and serum reduction correlates with the presence of intracellular parasites and involves activation of host cell NF-\u03baB. We further demonstrate that the apoptotic block diminishes activation of caspase 3. The ability of<jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>to prevent apoptosis of infected cardiomyocytes is likely to play an important role in establishment of persistent infection in the heart while minimizing potential damage and remodeling that is associated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis in cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.74.3.1580-1587.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,23]],"date-time":"2006-02-23T00:18:14Z","timestamp":1140653894000},"page":"1580-1587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["<i>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/i>Infection and Nuclear Factor Kappa B Activation Prevent Apoptosis in Cardiac Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Krumholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Carmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony P.","family":"Sinai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Burleigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112355200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00282.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.42.083101.143836"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.13.5026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.1.403-409.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2002.00226.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.161298398"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.11.4.1487"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02724.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2003.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2000.00045.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00053.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M009160200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35003208"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4909","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.9.4909","volume":"161","year":"1998","unstructured":"Freire-de-Lima, C. 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