{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:01:11Z","timestamp":1789747271282,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]],"date-time":"2006-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect Immun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n The spore-forming, gram-positive bacterium\n Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n , the causative agent of anthrax, has achieved notoriety due to its use as a bioterror agent. In the environment,\n B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n exists as a dormant endospore. Upon infection, germination of endospores occurs during their internalization within the phagocyte, and the ability to survive exposure to antibacterial killing mechanisms, such as O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u00b7\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n , NO\n \u00b7<\/jats:sup>\n , and H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , is a key initial event in the infective process. Macrophages generate NO\n \u00b7<\/jats:sup>\n from the oxidative metabolism of\n l<\/jats:sc>\n -arginine, using an isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS 2). Exposure of murine macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) to\n B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n endospores up-regulated the expression of NOS 2 12 h after exposure, and production of NO\n \u00b7<\/jats:sup>\n was comparable to that achieved following other bacterial infections. Spore-killing assays demonstrated a NO\n \u00b7<\/jats:sup>\n -dependent bactericidal response that was significantly decreased in the presence of the NOS 2 inhibitor\n l<\/jats:sc>\n -\n N<\/jats:italic>\n 6<\/jats:sup>\n -(1-iminoethyl)lysine and in\n l<\/jats:sc>\n -arginine-depleted media. Interestingly, we also found that\n B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n bacilli and endospores exhibited arginase activity, possibly competing with host NOS 2 for its substrate,\n l<\/jats:sc>\n -arginine. As macrophage-generated NO\n \u00b7<\/jats:sup>\n is an important pathway in microbial killing, the ability of endospores of\n B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n to regulate production of this free radical has important implications in the control of\n B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n -mediated infection.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.74.4.2268-2276.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,21]],"date-time":"2006-03-21T18:12:50Z","timestamp":1142964770000},"page":"2268-2276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Importance of Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Control of Infection by\n Bacillus anthracis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Kimberly W.","family":"Raines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, 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