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The etiology of CD and the other major irritable bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, is not known, but host genetics and immunology, the gut microbiome, and environmental factors are all thought to be involved. In addition, adherent-invasive\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (AIEC) strains, which are able to adhere to and invade epithelial cells and macrophages, are frequently found to be associated with CD. Besides their adherence and invasion properties, key features that distinguish AIEC from commensal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      include increased biofilm formation, increased antibiotic resistance, and survival\/replication within macrophages. However, these pathobionts lack genetic features typical of frank pathogens. Thus, the potential role AIEC plays in CD pathogenesis is not clear. The\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      pathobiont LF82, isolated from the ileum of a patient with CD, has been a well-studied, prototypic AIEC. Dozens of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distinguish LF82 and other AIEC from commensal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , suggesting that some of these genetic features might account for particular LF82 phenotypes. In this review, we summarize changes in the CD gut, the association of AIEC with CD, genes and SNPs associated with AIEC, and recent work connecting a specific SNP within a bacterial RNA polymerase gene to the expression of genes associated with the LF82 lifestyle.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00016-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T19:30:27Z","timestamp":1777577427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    pathobionts and Crohn\u2019s disease: varied genetic paths leading to similar phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"208","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9461-1202","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Melissa","family":"Arroyo-Mendoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Gene Expression and Regulation Section, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0910-7894","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hernan","family":"Lorenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"TriLab Bioinformatics Group, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0048-512X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00te3t702","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia","place":["Athens, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7254-9495","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deborah M.","family":"Hinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Gene Expression and Regulation Section, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.06.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-8553(05)70057-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"CDC. 2024. 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