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During its emergence,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    is believed to have acquired its unique pathogenic characteristics through numerous gene gains\/losses, genomic rearrangements, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) changes. One such SNP creates a single amino acid variation in the DNA binding domain of PhoP, the response regulator in the PhoP\/PhoQ two-component system.\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and the basal human-avirulent strains of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    harbor glycines at position 215 of PhoP, whereas the modern human-virulent strains (e.g., KIM and CO92) harbor serines at this residue. Since PhoP plays multiple roles in the adaptation of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    to stressful host conditions, we tested whether this amino acid substitution affects PhoP activity or the ability of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    to survive in host environments. Compared to the parental KIM6+ strain carrying the modern allele of\n                    <jats:italic>phoP<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>phoP-S215<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), a derivative carrying the basal allele (\n                    <jats:italic>phoP-G215<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) exhibited slightly defective growth under a low-Mg\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    condition and decreased transcription of a PhoP target gene,\n                    <jats:italic>ugd<\/jats:italic>\n                    , as well as an \u223c8-fold increase in the susceptibility to the antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B. The\n                    <jats:italic>phoP-G215<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain showed no apparent defect in flea colonization, although a\n                    <jats:italic>phoP<\/jats:italic>\n                    -null mutant showed decreased flea infectivity in competition experiments. Our results suggest that the amino acid variation at position 215 of PhoP causes subtle changes in the PhoP activity and raise the possibility that the change in this residue have contributed to the evolution of increased virulence in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    acquired a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in\n                    <jats:italic>phoP<\/jats:italic>\n                    when the highly human-virulent strains diverged from less virulent basal strains, resulting in an amino acid substitution in the DNA binding domain of the PhoP response regulator. We show that\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    carrying the modern\n                    <jats:italic>phoP<\/jats:italic>\n                    allele has an increased ability to induce the PhoP-regulated\n                    <jats:italic>ugd<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene and resist antimicrobial peptides compared to an isogenic strain carrying the basal allele. Given the important roles PhoP plays in host adaptation, the results raise an intriguing possibility that this amino acid substitution contributed to the evolution of increased virulence in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    . Additionally, we present the first evidence that\n                    <jats:italic>phoP<\/jats:italic>\n                    confers a survival fitness advantage to\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    inside the flea midgut.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00050-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]],"date-time":"2018-02-10T07:56:32Z","timestamp":1518249392000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A Single Amino Acid Change in the Response Regulator PhoP, Acquired during Yersinia pestis Evolution, Affects PhoP Target Gene Transcription and Polymyxin B Susceptibility"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"200","author":[{"given":"Hana S.","family":"Fukuto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA"},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory Sciences Program, School of Health Technology and Management, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viveka","family":"Vadyvaloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph B.","family":"McPhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik N.","family":"Poinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster Ancient DNA Center, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada"},{"name":"Michael G. 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