{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:21:14Z","timestamp":1791300074896,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The 57-kb gonococcal genetic island (GGI) encodes a type IV secretion system (T4SS) that is found in most strains of\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    . This T4SS functions to secrete single-stranded DNA that is active in natural transformation. The GGI has also been found in some strains of\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. meningitidis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    . We screened 126 isolates of\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. meningitidis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and found the GGI in 17.5% of strains, with the prevalence varying widely among serogroups. The GGI is found in a significant number of serogroup C, W-135, and X strains but was not found in strains of serogroup A, B, or Y. Through detailed PCR mapping and DNA sequencing, we identified five distinct GGI types in meningococci. DNA sequencing and a genetic assay revealed that the GGI was likely integrated into the meningococcal chromosome by the site-specific recombinase XerCD and that the GGI can be excised and lost from the genome. Functional studies showed that in contrast with the gonococcal T4SS, the meningococcal T4SS does not secrete DNA, nor does it confer Ton-independent intracellular survival. Deletion of T4SS genes did not affect association with or invasion of host cells. These results demonstrate that the GGI is found in a significant proportion of meningococcal strains and that while some strains carry multiple insertions and deletions in the GGI, other strains carry intact T4SS genes and may produce functional secretion systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00094-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,25]],"date-time":"2012-02-25T00:22:23Z","timestamp":1330129343000},"page":"2275-2285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Prevalence and Detailed Mapping of the Gonococcal Genetic Island in Neisseria meningitidis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"Katelynn L.","family":"Woodhams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary L.","family":"Benet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Blonsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen T.","family":"Hackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Dillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050112","article-title":"A chromosomally integrated bacteriophage in invasive meningococci","volume":"201","author":"Bille E","year":"2005","unstructured":"BilleE. 2005. A chromosomally integrated bacteriophage in invasive meningococci. J. Exp. Med. 201:1905\u20131913.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"789","article-title":"Escherichia coli XerC recombinase is required for chromosomal segregation at cell division","volume":"3","author":"Blakely G","year":"1991","unstructured":"BlakelyGCollomsSMayGBurkeMSherrattD. 1991. Escherichia coli XerC recombinase is required for chromosomal segregation at cell division. New Biol. 3:789\u2013798.","journal-title":"New Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)80076-Q","article-title":"Two related recombinases are required for site-specific recombination at dif and cer in E. coli K-12","volume":"75","author":"Blakely G","year":"1993","unstructured":"BlakelyG. 1993. Two related recombinases are required for site-specific recombination at dif and cer in E. coli K-12. Cell 75:351\u2013361.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.032514299"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800050196"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.10.3085-3094.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4A.1.1\u20134A.1.24","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc04a02s23","article-title":"Genetic manipulation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"23","author":"Dillard JP","year":"2011","unstructured":"DillardJP. 2011. Genetic manipulation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 23:4A.1.1\u20134A.1.24.","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.9.5697-5705.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","volume-title":"DNA processing and secretion by the gonococcal type IV secretion system, abstr. O02. Abstr. 16th Int. Pathog. Neisseria Conf.","author":"Dillard JP","year":"2008","unstructured":"DillardJPSalgado-Pab\u00f3nWTurnerNKohlerPL. 2008. DNA processing and secretion by the gonococcal type IV secretion system, abstr. O02. Abstr. 16th Int. Pathog. Neisseria Conf., Rotterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02520.x","article-title":"A variable genetic island specific for Neisseria gonorrhoeae is involved in providing DNA for natural transformation and is found more often in disseminated infection isolates","volume":"41","author":"Dillard JP","year":"2001","unstructured":"DillardJPSeifertHS. 2001. A variable genetic island specific for Neisseria gonorrhoeae is involved in providing DNA for natural transformation and is found more often in disseminated infection isolates. Mol. Microbiol. 41:263\u2013278.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00948-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)90001-0","article-title":"Global epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"351","author":"Gerbase AC","year":"1998","unstructured":"GerbaseACRowleyJTMertensTE. 1998. Global epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases. Lancet 351(Suppl. 3):2\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05429.x","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae requires expression of TonB and the putative transporter TdfF to replicate within cervical epithelial cells","volume":"62","author":"Hagen TA","year":"2006","unstructured":"HagenTACornelissenCN. 2006. Neisseria gonorrhoeae requires expression of TonB and the putative transporter TdfF to replicate within cervical epithelial cells. Mol. Microbiol. 62:1144\u20131157.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04521.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.16.4718-4726.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"227","volume-title":"Mutagenesis of novel genes in the type IV secretion system region of the gonococcal genetic island, abstr. D-142","author":"Immel SK","year":"2003","unstructured":"ImmelSKHamiltonHLDillardJP. 2003. Mutagenesis of novel genes in the type IV secretion system region of the gonococcal genetic island, abstr. D-142, p. 227. Abstr. 103rd Gen. Meet. Amer. Soc. Microbiol. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43601","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.264028","article-title":"Processing and maturation of the pilin of the type IV secretion system encoded within the gonococcal genetic island","volume":"286","author":"Jain S","year":"2011","unstructured":"JainSKahntJvan der DoesC. 2011. Processing and maturation of the pilin of the type IV secretion system encoded within the gonococcal genetic island. J. Biol. Chem. 286:43601\u201343610.","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.85.6.1274-1279.1963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.4.2082-2095.2000","article-title":"Molecular and biological analysis of eight genetic islands that distinguish Neisseria meningitidis from the closely related pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"68","author":"Klee SR","year":"2000","unstructured":"KleeSR. 2000. Molecular and biological analysis of eight genetic islands that distinguish Neisseria meningitidis from the closely related pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Infect. Immun. 68:2082\u20132095.","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00531-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.3.1461-1467.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.61.5.549-550.1951"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.20.9607"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-145-38025","article-title":"Factors affecting autolysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"145","author":"Morse SA","year":"1974","unstructured":"MorseSABartensteinL. 1974. Factors affecting autolysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 145:1418\u20131421.","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","volume-title":"Ph.D. thesis. University of Groningen","author":"Pachulec E","year":"2010","unstructured":"PachulecE. 2010. Ph.D. thesis. University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.11.3342-3345.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1701"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00061","article-title":"The gonococcal genetic island and type IV secretion in the pathogenic Neisseria","volume":"2","author":"Ramsey ME","year":"2011","unstructured":"RamseyMEWoodhamsKLDillardJP. 2011. The gonococcal genetic island and type IV secretion in the pathogenic Neisseria. Front. Microbiol. 2:61.","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31763","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.45.31763","article-title":"The mutagenesis protein UmuC is a DNA polymerase activated by UmuD\u2032, RecA, and SSB and is specialized for translesion replication","volume":"274","author":"Reuven NB","year":"1999","unstructured":"ReuvenNBAradGMaor-ShoshaniALivnehZ. 1999. The mutagenesis protein UmuC is a DNA polymerase activated by UmuD\u2032, RecA, and SSB and is specialized for translesion replication. J. Biol. Chem. 274:31763\u201331766.","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105033441807","article-title":"Meningococcal disease","volume":"344","author":"Rosenstein NE","year":"2001","unstructured":"RosensteinNEPerkinsBAStephensDSPopovicTHughesJM. 2001. Meningococcal disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 344:1378\u20131388.","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01357-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05966.x","article-title":"A novel relaxase homologue is involved in chromosomal DNA processing for type IV secretion in Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"66","author":"Salgado-Pab\u00f3n W","year":"2007","unstructured":"Salgado-Pab\u00f3nWJainSTurnerNvan der DoesCDillardJP. 2007. A novel relaxase homologue is involved in chromosomal DNA processing for type IV secretion in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Mol. Microbiol. 66:930\u2013947.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","volume-title":"Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual","author":"Sambrook J","year":"1989","unstructured":"SambrookJFritschEFManiatisT. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.03208.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(96)00810-4","article-title":"Insertionally inactivated and inducible recA alleles for use in Neisseria","volume":"188","author":"Seifert HS","year":"1997","unstructured":"SeifertHS. 1997. Insertionally inactivated and inducible recA alleles for use in Neisseria. Gene 188:215\u2013220.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.3.735","article-title":"Shuttle mutagenesis: a method of transposon mutagenesis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"83","author":"Seifert HS","year":"1986","unstructured":"SeifertHSChenEYSoMHeffronF. 1986. Shuttle mutagenesis: a method of transposon mutagenesis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 83:735\u2013739.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27925-0","article-title":"Complete and variant forms of the \u2018gonococcal genetic island' in Neisseria meningitidis","volume":"151","author":"Snyder LAS","year":"2005","unstructured":"SnyderLASJarvisSASaundersNJ. 2005. Complete and variant forms of the \u2018gonococcal genetic island' in Neisseria meningitidis. Microbiology 151:4005\u20134013.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","volume-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases","author":"Sparling PF","year":"2000","unstructured":"SparlingPF. 2000. Biology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In HomesKKSparlingPFLemonSMStammWEPiotPWasserheitJN (ed), Sexually transmitted diseases, 2nd ed. McGraw Hill, New York, NY.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","first-page":"886","article-title":"Studies on gonococcus infection. I. Pili and zones of adhesion: their relation to gonococcal growth patterns","volume":"134","author":"Swanson J","year":"1971","unstructured":"SwansonJKrausSJGotschlichEC. 1971. Studies on gonococcus infection. I. Pili and zones of adhesion: their relation to gonococcal growth patterns. J. Exp. Med. 134:886\u2013906.","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000946","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000946","article-title":"The Trw type IV secretion system of Bartonella mediates host-specific adhesion to erythrocytes","volume":"6","author":"Vayssier-Taussat M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vayssier-TaussatM. 2010. The Trw type IV secretion system of Bartonella mediates host-specific adhesion to erythrocytes. PLoS Pathog. 6:e1000946.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.2.464-468.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00228-10"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.00094-12","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.00094-12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T13:31:49Z","timestamp":1627565509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JB.00094-12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JB.00094-12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00094-12","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9193","1098-5530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9193","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-01-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-02-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-04-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}