{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T19:49:19Z","timestamp":1771271359597,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]],"date-time":"2010-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1280620800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            A very short patch repair system prevents mutations resulting from deamination of 5-methylcytosine to thymine. The Vsr endonuclease is the key enzyme of this system, providing sequence specificity. We identified two genes encoding Vsr endonucleases V.NgoAXIII and V.NgoAXIV from\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            FA1090 based on DNA sequence similarity to genes encoding Vsr endonucleases from other bacteria. After expression of the gonococcal genes in\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            , the proteins were biochemically characterized and the endonucleolytic activities and specificities of V.NgoAXIII and V.NgoAXIV were determined. V.NgoAXIII was found to be multispecific and to recognize T:G mismatches in every nucleotide context tested, whereas V.NgoAXIV recognized T:G mismatches in the following sequences: GTGG, CTGG, GTGC, ATGC, and CTGC. Alanine mutagenesis of conserved residues showed that Asp50 and His68 of V.NgoAXIII and Asp51 and His69 of V.NgoAXIV are essential for hydrolytic activity. Glu25, His64, and Asp97 of V.NgoAXIV and Glu24, Asp63, and Asp97 of V.NgoAXIII are important but not crucial for the activity of V.NgoAXIII and V.NgoAXIV. However, Glu24 and Asp63 are also important for the specificity of V.NgoAXIII. On the basis of our results concerning features of Vsr endonucleases expressed by\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            FA1090, we postulate that at least two types of Vsr endonucleases can be distinguished.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00098-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,29]],"date-time":"2010-05-29T03:45:44Z","timestamp":1275104744000},"page":"3951-3960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n            FA1090 Carries Genes Encoding Two Classes of Vsr Endonucleases"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kwiatek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"\u0141uczkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Bandyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Piekarowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3109\/10409239609108722","volume":"31","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ahmad, I., and D. N. Rao. 1996. Chemistry and biology of DNA methyltransferases. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 31 : 361-380.","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02989.x","volume":"44","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bhagwat, A. S., and M. Lieb. 2002. Cooperation and competition in mismatch repair: very short patch repair and methyl-directed mismatch repair in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 44 : 1421-1426.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00286690","volume":"244","year":"1994","unstructured":"Choi, S. H., and J. E. Leach. 1994. Identification of the XorII methyltransferase gene and a vsr homolog from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 244 : 383-390.","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Genet."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"3850","volume":"30","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cohen, H. M., D. S. Tawfik, and A. D. Griffiths. 2002. Promiscuous methylation of non-canonical DNA sites by HaeIII methyltransferase. Nucleic Acids Res. 30 : 3850-3855.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01741.x","volume":"9","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dar, M. E., and A. S. Bhagwat. 1993. Mechanism of expression of DNA repair gene vsr, an Escherichia coli gene that overlaps the DNA cytosine methylase gene, dcm. Mol. Microbiol. 9 : 823-833.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.12.3911-3913.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2005.08.048","volume":"353","year":"2005","unstructured":"Elliott, S. L., J. Brazier, R. Cosstick, and B. A. Connolly. 2005. Mechanism of the Escherichia coli DNA T:G-mismatch endonuclease (Vsr protein) probed with thiophosphate-containing oligodeoxynucleotides. J. Mol. Biol. 353 : 692-703.","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.13.2535","volume":"28","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fox, K. R., S. L. Allinson, H. Sahagun-Krause, and T. Brown. 2000. Recognition of GT mismatches by Vsr mismatch endonuclease. Nucleic Acids Res. 28 : 2535-2540.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(95)80033-6","volume":"245","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gl\u00e4sner, W., R. Merkl, V. Schellenberger, and H.-J. Fritz. 1995. Substrate preferences of Vsr DNA mismatch endonuclease and their consequences for the evolution of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome. J. Mol. Biol. 245 : 1-7.","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2001.4799","volume":"310","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Nicieza, R., D. P. Turner, and B. A. Connolly. 2001. DNA binding and cleavage selectivity of the Escherichia coli DNA G:T-mismatch endonuclease (Vsr protein). J. Mol. Biol. 310 : 501-508.","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(93)90509-2","volume":"132","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gunn, J. S., and D. C. Stein. 1993. Natural variation of the NgoII restriction-modification system of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gene 132 : 15-20.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1038\/353776a0","volume":"353","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hennecke, F., H. Kolmar, K. Brundl, and H.-J. Fritz. 1991. The vsr gene product of E. coli K-12 is a strand- and sequence-specific DNA mismatch endonuclease. Nature 353 : 776-778.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Transient-state kinetic analysis of enzyme reaction pathways. 1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3742","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.18.3742","volume":"29","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kobayashi, I. 2001. Behavior of restriction-modification systems as selfish mobile elements and their impact on genome evolution. Nucleic Acids Res. 29 : 3742-3756.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00902-4","volume":"33","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kow, Y. W. 2002. Repair of deaminated bases in DNA. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 33 : 886-893.","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27011-0","volume":"150","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kwiatek, A., M. Kobes, K. Olejnik, and A. Piekarowicz. 2004. DNA methyltransferases from Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae FA1090 associated with mismatch nicking endonucleases. Microbiology 150 : 1713-1722.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6539","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm702","volume":"35","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kwiatek, A., and A. Piekarowicz. 2007. The restriction endonuclease R.NmeDI from Neisseria meningitidis that recognizes a palindromic sequence and cuts the DNA on both sides of the recognition sequence. Nucleic Acids Res. 35 : 6539-6546.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1996.5291066.x","volume":"20","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lieb, M., and A. S. Bhagwat. 1996. Very short patch repair: reducing the cost of cytosine methylation. Mol. Microbiol. 20 : 467-473.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.3.660-666.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D269","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl891","volume":"35","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roberts, R. J., T. Vincze, J. Posfai, and D. Macelis. 2007. REBASE\u2014enzymes and genes for DNA restriction and modification. Nucleic Acids Res. 35 : D269-D270.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual (3rd ed.). 2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3756","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-12-3756","volume":"148","year":"2002","unstructured":"Saunders, N. J., and L. A. Snyder. 2002. The minimal mobile element. Microbiology 148 : 3756-3760.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.8.4214-4221.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1139\/m91-056","volume":"37","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stein, D. C. 1991. Transformation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: physical requirements of the transforming DNA. Can. J. Microbiol. 37 : 345-349.","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(94)00649-D","volume":"157","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stein, D. C., J. S. Gunn, M. Radlinska, and A. Piekarowicz. 1995. Restriction and modification systems of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gene 157 : 19-22.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.04.070","volume":"27","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stephens, D. S. 2009. Biology and pathogenesis of the evolutionarily successful, obligate human bacterium Neisseria meningitidis. Vaccine 27 : B71-B77.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81550-0","volume":"99","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tsutakawa, S. E., H. Jingami, and K. Morikawa. 1999. Recognition of a TG mismatch: the crystal structure of very short patch repair endonuclease in complex with a DNA duplex. Cell 99 : 615-623.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.18.3775","volume":"29","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tsutakawa, S. E., and K. Morikawa. 2001. The structural basis of damaged DNA recognition and endonucleolytic cleavage for very short patch repair endonuclease. Nucleic Acids Res. 29 : 3775-3783.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80355-X","volume":"3","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tsutakawa, S. E., T. Muto, T. Kawate, H. Jingami, N. Kunishima, M. Ariyoshi, D. Kohda, M. Nakagawa, and K. Morikawa. 1999. Crystallographic and functional studies of very short patch repair endonuclease. Mol. Cell 3 : 621-628.","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.00098-10","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.00098-10","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T17:13:06Z","timestamp":1627578786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JB.00098-10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JB.00098-10"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00098-10","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9193","1098-5530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9193","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-01-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-05-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}