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Many gram-positive gut microbes, in particular, are predicted to be vitamin auxotrophs. Previous studies of these microbes, however, have tended to use rich media, precluding controlled perturbations of low-abundance nutrients. We tested the ability of diverse\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the most common gram-positive bacteria in the gut, to grow on a chemically defined medium. Even though this medium contained riboflavin, we found that predicted riboflavin auxotrophs grew poorly, including the bile metabolizer\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium scindens<\/jats:italic>\n                      . High-dose riboflavin supplementation enhanced growth, but also revealed that, surprisingly,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. scindens<\/jats:italic>\n                      catabolizes riboflavin into lumichrome, making it the first reported anaerobe to do so. The only previously described catabolic pathway for riboflavin requires oxygen and has no homologs in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. scindens<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In high-dose riboflavin, a single gene neighborhood with an aldolase, oxidoreductases, and a riboflavin kinase\/adenylyltransferase was upregulated, suggesting an alternative anaerobic degradation or overflow pathway. Similar neighborhoods were detected in several other\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , including\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Faecalicatena fissicatena<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the only other anaerobe reported to degrade riboflavin. Reanalysis of published metabolomic data showed that,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , both riboflavin and lumichrome were more abundant in colonized (vs germ-free) mouse ceca, and that,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates depleted riboflavin while certain gram-negative isolates overproduced it. These results demonstrate that a member of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      can anaerobically convert an essential B vitamin into lumichrome, a molecule recently shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Vitamin catabolism may both structure cross-feeding interactions in the gut and affect host health.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                        , the most prevalent human gut gram-positive bacteria, produce many health-relevant metabolites, but are genetically intractable and often grown in rich medium, complicating physiological studies. Unexpectedly, through comparative experiments in a chemically defined medium, we identify the first anaerobe that can catabolize riboflavin to lumichrome and show that it induces a specific gene neighborhood while doing so, suggesting a novel pathway. Variants of this neighborhood are conserved in a handful of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                        , including the only other anaerobe reported to degrade riboflavin (to hydroxyethylflavin). These results potentially explain decades-old observations implicating gut microbes in riboflavin catabolism. Furthermore, riboflavin catabolites have recently been shown to inhibit host mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell activation, suggesting an additional mechanism by which commensal\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                        may dampen inflammation.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00108-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:52:20Z","timestamp":1784555540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anaerobic riboflavin degradation by human gut\n                    <i>Lachnospiraceae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"208","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6955-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian J.","family":"Quiles 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