{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:12:28Z","timestamp":1791231148517,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Multidrug resistance (MDR) plasmids belonging to the IncA\/C plasmid family are widely distributed among\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n            and other enterobacterial isolates from agricultural sources and have, at least once, also been identified in a drug-resistant\n            <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n            isolate (IP275) from Madagascar. Here, we present the complete plasmid sequences of the IncA\/C reference plasmid pRA1 (143,963 bp), isolated in 1971 from the fish pathogen\n            <jats:italic>Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic>\n            , and of the cryptic IncA\/C plasmid pRAx (49,763 bp), isolated from\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            transconjugant D7-3, which was obtained through pRA1 transfer in 1980. Using comparative sequence analysis of pRA1 and pRAx with recent members of the IncA\/C plasmid family, we show that both plasmids provide novel insights into the evolution of the IncA\/C MDR plasmid family and the minimal machinery necessary for stable IncA\/C plasmid maintenance. Our results indicate that recent members of the IncA\/C plasmid family evolved from a common ancestor, similar in composition to pRA1, through stepwise integration of horizontally acquired resistance gene arrays into a conserved plasmid backbone. Phylogenetic comparisons predict type IV secretion-like conjugative transfer operons encoded on the shared plasmid backbones to be closely related to a group of integrating conjugative elements, which use conjugative transfer for horizontal propagation but stably integrate into the host chromosome during vegetative growth. A\n            <jats:italic>hipAB<\/jats:italic>\n            toxin-antitoxin gene cluster found on pRA1, which in\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            is involved in the formation of persister cell subpopulations, suggests persistence as an early broad-spectrum antimicrobial resistance mechanism in the evolution of IncA\/C resistance plasmids.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00189-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,30]],"date-time":"2009-05-30T00:54:07Z","timestamp":1243644847000},"page":"4750-4757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":203,"title":["Comparative Genomics of the IncA\/C Multidrug Resistance Plasmid Family"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"W. Florian","family":"Fricke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick F.","family":"McDermott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Veterinary Medicine-Food and Drug Administration (CVM-FDA), Laurel, Maryland 20708"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark K.","family":"Mammel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition-Food and Drug Administration (CFSAN-FDA), Laurel, Maryland 20708"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Eugene","family":"LeClerc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition-Food and Drug Administration (CFSAN-FDA), Laurel, Maryland 20708"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Veterinary Medicine-Food and Drug Administration (CVM-FDA), Laurel, Maryland 20708"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Cebula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Ravel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46697-0","volume":"55","year":"2006","unstructured":"Anisimov, A. 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