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Streptococci lack a canonical SOS response, but an SOS-like response was reported in some species. The\n            <jats:italic>mef<\/jats:italic>\n            (A)-\n            <jats:italic>msr<\/jats:italic>\n            (D)-carrying prophage \u04241207.3 of\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            contains a region, spanning\n            <jats:italic>orf6<\/jats:italic>\n            to\n            <jats:italic>orf11<\/jats:italic>\n            , showing homology to characterized streptococcal SOS-like cassettes. Genome-wide homology search showed the presence of the whole \u03a61207.3 SOS-like cassette in three\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n            <jats:italic>pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            prophages, while parts of it were found in other bacterial species. To investigate whether this cassette confers an SOS-mutagenesis phenotype, we constructed\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            R6 isogenic derivative strains: (i) FR172, streptomycin resistant, (ii) FR173, carrying \u03a61207.3, and (iii) FR174, carrying a recombinant \u03a61207.3, where the SOS-like cassette was deleted. These strains were used in survival and mutation rate assays using a UV-C LED instrument, for which we designed and 3D-printed a customized equipment, constituted of an instrument support and swappable-autoclavable mini-plates and lids. Upon exposure to UV fluences ranging from 0 to 6,400 J\/m\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            at four different wavelengths, 255, 265, 275, and 285 nm, we found that the presence of \u03a61207.3 SOS-like cassette increases bacterial survival up to 34-fold. Mutation rate was determined by measuring rifampicin resistance acquisition upon exposure to UV fluence of 50 J\/m\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            at the four wavelengths by fluctuation test. The presence of \u03a61207.3 SOS-like cassette resulted in a significant increase in the mutation rate (up to 18-fold) at every wavelength. In conclusion, we demonstrated that \u03a61207.3 carries a functional SOS-like cassette responsible for an increased survival and increased mutation rate in\n            <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Bacterial mutation rate is generally low, but stress conditions and DNA damage can induce stress response systems, which allow for improved survival and continuous replication. The SOS response is a DNA repair mechanism activated by some bacteria in response to stressful conditions, which leads to a temporary hypermutable phenotype and is usually absent in streptococcal genomes. Here, using a reproducible and controlled UV irradiation system, we demonstrated that the SOS-like gene cassette of prophage \u03a61207.3 is functional, responsible for a temporary hypermutable phenotype, and enhances bacterial survival to UV irradiation. Prophage \u03a61207.3 also carries erythromycin resistance genes and can lysogenize different pathogenic bacteria, constituting an example of a mobile genetic element which can confer multiple phenotypes to its host.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00191-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T19:06:49Z","timestamp":1694459209000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The\n            <i>mef<\/i>\n            (A)\/\n            <i>msr<\/i>\n            (D)-carrying streptococcal prophage \u03a61207.3 encodes an SOS-like system, induced by UV-C light, responsible for increased survival and increased mutation rate"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"205","author":[{"given":"Valeria","family":"Fox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3052-3518","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesco","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Apicella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Diaz-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Cl\u00ednica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiolog\u00eda y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena , Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e8 Manuel","family":"Rodriguez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla , Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5064-1496","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesco","family":"Iannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianni","family":"Pozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01152-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.1999.0901"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Methods in enzymology","author":"Foster PL","year":"2006","unstructured":"Foster PL . 2006. 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