{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:05:59Z","timestamp":1790172359496,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI160130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI160130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      encounters acid stress during gastrointestinal transit and within the phagosomal environment of macrophages. Acid stress resistance has been well characterized in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovar Typhimurium, but comparative studies in the human-adapted\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovar Typhi are limited. We compared the growth of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhimurium 14028s and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi Ty2 at pH values ranging from 3 to 8 and observed that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovar Typhimurium exhibits enhanced growth at pH 4.5 compared to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi. Comparative transcriptomic profiling of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhimurium and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi at pH 4.5 and 7.5 identified numerous differentially expressed acid-induced genes (DEGs), including genes encoding membrane proteins (OmpC, PhoE, HydB), a transcriptional regulator (RpoS), and stress response proteins (YciG, STM14_1829, YmdF). Targeted deletion of selected genes in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhimurium significantly suppressed growth at acidic pH, confirming their role in acid stress resistance. These resistance mechanisms are compromised in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi due to pseudogenization. Heterologous expression of pseudogenized genes in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi restored acid tolerance. Collectively, these findings suggest that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi has lost the ability to withstand acid stress due to genomic decay and the loss of multiple genes essential for acid survival in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhimurium, reflecting divergent evolutionary paths in these two serovars.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium must adapt to acidic pH conditions in the intestinal tract and the intracellular environment to cause infection. In this study, we show that the enteric fever serovar\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhi exhibits impaired growth at pH 4.5 in comparison to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium. We further show that the loss of specific membrane proteins, a transcriptional regulator, and a family of stress response proteins in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhi are responsible for this difference. Collectively, these observations suggest that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhi has evolutionarily lost the ability to withstand acid stress due to differences in its interaction with the human host. This has important implications for the pathogenesis of typhoid fever.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00197-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:28:05Z","timestamp":1790170085000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impaired acid stress resistance in\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Typhi Ty2"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0236-7643","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kiranmai","family":"Joshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai Yee","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Pierre","family":"Blanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6968-7205","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fermin E.","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3243-110X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ferric C.","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington","place":["Seattle, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Washington","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1504717"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"Typhoid fever","author":"Bhandari J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhandari J, Thada PK, DeVos E. 2020. 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